BIOCHEMIE VAN DE HUISDIEREN I
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Deel 1: biomoleculen ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Hoofdstuk 1: inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Functionele groepen ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Hoofdstuk 2: koolhydraten (sacchariden/ suikers) .............................................................................................. 6
Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Monosacchariden............................................................................................................................................ 7
Conventie: EXAMEN .................................................................................................................................... 7
L-suikers ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Epimeren ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Ringstructuur............................................................................................................................................... 8
Haworth-projectie ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Disacchariden .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Maltose ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Lactose ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
Sucrose ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
Naamgeving .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Polysacchariden ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Onderscheid op basis van ......................................................................................................................... 10
Functies van homopolysacchariden .......................................................................................................... 10
Functies van heteropolysacchariden......................................................................................................... 10
Verschil met eiwitten (polymeren van aminozuren) ................................................................................. 10
Homopolysacchariden: opslag van koolhydraten ..................................................................................... 10
Homopolysacchariden als structuurelement ............................................................................................ 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Aminozuren .................................................................................................................................. 12
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Algemene structuur & eigenschappen .......................................................................................................... 12
Enantiomeren ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Classificatie ................................................................................................................................................ 13
Zuur-base-eigenschappen ......................................................................................................................... 15
Een mono-amine, monocarboxylaminozuur ............................................................................................. 15
Hoofdstuk 4: peptiden en eiwitten .................................................................................................................... 16
Peptidebinding .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Functies van peptiden ............................................................................................................................... 16
Eiwitten ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Geconjugeerde eiwitten ............................................................................................................................ 16
Hoofdstuk 5: eiwitstructuur............................................................................................................................... 17
Primaire structuur ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Isovormen ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Secundaire structuur ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Alfa-helix ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Beta-conformatie ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Tertiaire structur ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Vezelachtige eiwitten: ............................................................................................................................... 19
Globulaire eiwitten.................................................................................................................................... 20
Quaternaire structuur ................................................................................................................................... 20
1
, Myoglobine & hemoglobine ...................................................................................................................... 20
Eiwitdenaturatie............................................................................................................................................ 20
Hoofdstuk 6: eiwitfunctie .................................................................................................................................. 21
Basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Haemgroep.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Myoglobine ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Eiwitstructuur bepaald hoe liganden binden ............................................................................................ 22
Hemoglobine ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Coöperatieve ligandbinding .......................................................................................................................... 23
Andere factorren die affiniteit beïnvloeden ............................................................................................. 24
Hoofdstuk 7: lipiden .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
indeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Biologische functies................................................................................................................................... 25
Vetzuren .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Opslagvetten ................................................................................................................................................. 27
Lipiden als energiereserve ........................................................................................................................ 27
Triacylglycerolen (TAG) ............................................................................................................................. 27
Wassen ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
Structuurelement in membranen ................................................................................................................. 29
Membraanlipiden ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Glycerofosfolipiden ................................................................................................................................... 29
Galactolipiden (sulfolipiden) ..................................................................................................................... 30
Tetraëtherlipiden ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Sfingolipiden .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Sterolen ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Andere functies ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Hoofdstuk 8: membranen.................................................................................................................................. 32
Glycoconjugaten ........................................................................................................................................... 32
Suikers als informatiedrager ..................................................................................................................... 32
Membraanarchitectuur ................................................................................................................................. 32
Biologische membraan .............................................................................................................................. 32
Opmerkelijke fysieke eigenschappen ........................................................................................................ 32
Membranen bevatten gespecialiseerde eiwitten ..................................................................................... 32
Membranen binnen een cel ...................................................................................................................... 33
Structuur van membranen ........................................................................................................................ 33
Samenstelling van membranen ................................................................................................................. 33
Membraanstructuur .................................................................................................................................. 33
Gedrag van glycerofosfolipiden in water .................................................................................................. 34
Plasmamembraan ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Membraaneiwitten ................................................................................................................................... 34
Topologie (3D structuur) van integrale eiwitten ....................................................................................... 35
Membraandynamiek ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Verzadigde vetzuren ................................................................................................................................. 36
Onverzadigde vetzuren ............................................................................................................................. 37
Cholesterol ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Membrane rafts ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Hoofdstuk 9: nucleïnezuren ............................................................................................................................... 38
Basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Stikstofbasen afgeleid van parentale moleculen ...................................................................................... 38
Opbouw nucleotiden ................................................................................................................................. 38
DNA en RNA .................................................................................................................................................. 39
Interacties tussen DNA en RNA strengen .................................................................................................. 39
Structuur van nucleïnezuren ......................................................................................................................... 39
Verschillende soorten helices ................................................................................................................... 39
2
, Andere ruimtelijke structuren ................................................................................................................... 39
structuur van RNA is complex ................................................................................................................... 40
Nucleïnezuurchemie ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Denaturatie ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Denaturatiegrafiek .................................................................................................................................... 40
Denaturatiegrafiek 2 ................................................................................................................................. 40
Andere functies van nucleotiden .................................................................................................................. 41
Energiedrager ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Cofactor van enzymen .............................................................................................................................. 41
Signaalmolecule ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Deel 2: pathways ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Hoofdstuk 10: inleiding ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Enzymen ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Pathways ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
Classificatie van pathways......................................................................................................................... 42
Hoofdstuk 11: enzymen ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
Cofactoren ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Naamgeving .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Werkingsmechanisme ................................................................................................................................... 44
Enzymkinetiek ............................................................................................................................................... 44
V0 bestuderen ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Michaelis constante .................................................................................................................................. 45
Bestuderen enzymkinetiek ........................................................................................................................ 45
Lineweaver-Burk-vergelijking .................................................................................................................... 45
Enzyminhibitie ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Regulatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Verloop ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 12: koolhydraatmetabolisme ........................................................................................................... 49
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Glycolyse ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
voorbereidende fase ................................................................................................................................. 50
Opbrengstfase ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Overzicht glycolyse .................................................................................................................................... 50
Pyruvaat .................................................................................................................................................... 50
Deel 1: voorbereidende fase ..................................................................................................................... 50
Opbrengstfase ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Balans ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
Netto balans .............................................................................................................................................. 54
Andere suikers voor glycolyse ................................................................................................................... 54
Fermentatie ................................................................................................................................................... 55
Gluconeogenese ............................................................................................................................................ 56
Netto balans .............................................................................................................................................. 57
Futile cycles ............................................................................................................................................... 58
Pentose-fosfaat pathway .............................................................................................................................. 58
Transketolase, transaldolase ..................................................................................................................... 58
terugkoppelingslus .................................................................................................................................... 58
Glycogeenmetabolisme................................................................................................................................. 59
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 59
Deel 1; afbraak van glycogeen .................................................................................................................. 59
Deel 2: synthese van glycogeen ................................................................................................................ 59
Precursor glycogeen .................................................................................................................................. 59
Hoofdstuk 13: Citroenzuurcyclus ....................................................................................................................... 60
3
, Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Fase 1: productie van acetYl-coënzym A ................................................................................................... 60
Fase 2: citroenzuurcyclus/ Krebscyclus ..................................................................................................... 60
Fase 3: synthese van energie .................................................................................................................... 60
Acetyl-CoA ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
Productie van acetyl-CoA .......................................................................................................................... 60
waar? ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
De reacties .................................................................................................................................................... 61
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 61
8 stappen................................................................................................................................................... 61
Regulatie ................................................................................................................................................... 63
Vooruitblik: relatie met vetmetabolisme .................................................................................................. 64
Hoofdstuk 14: vetzuuroxidatie .......................................................................................................................... 65
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Initiatie .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Glycerol ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Vetzuuroxidatie ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Carnitine shuttle ........................................................................................................................................ 66
Vetzuuroxidatie (= bèta-oxidatie) ................................................................................................................. 66
Rendement ................................................................................................................................................ 66
Oxidatie van onverzadigde vetzuren ......................................................................................................... 67
Oxidatie van vetzuren met oneven aantal C-atomen ............................................................................... 67
Vetzuuroxidatie ook in peroxisomen ........................................................................................................ 67
Omega-oxidatie ......................................................................................................................................... 67
Ketonen ......................................................................................................................................................... 68
Hoofdstuk 15: electronentransportketen .......................................................................................................... 69
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Electronentransportketen ......................................................................................................................... 69
Concept ET & atp synthese & relatie tussen de 2 ..................................................................................... 69
Componenten ............................................................................................................................................... 70
Electronentransportketen ............................................................................................................................. 70
Reductiepotentiaal .................................................................................................................................... 71
Complex I................................................................................................................................................... 71
Complex II.................................................................................................................................................. 71
Complex III................................................................................................................................................. 71
Complex IV ................................................................................................................................................ 71
Synthese van ATP .......................................................................................................................................... 72
NADH-shuttles ............................................................................................................................................... 72
4
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Deel 1: biomoleculen ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Hoofdstuk 1: inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Functionele groepen ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Hoofdstuk 2: koolhydraten (sacchariden/ suikers) .............................................................................................. 6
Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Monosacchariden............................................................................................................................................ 7
Conventie: EXAMEN .................................................................................................................................... 7
L-suikers ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Epimeren ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Ringstructuur............................................................................................................................................... 8
Haworth-projectie ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Disacchariden .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Maltose ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Lactose ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
Sucrose ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
Naamgeving .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Polysacchariden ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Onderscheid op basis van ......................................................................................................................... 10
Functies van homopolysacchariden .......................................................................................................... 10
Functies van heteropolysacchariden......................................................................................................... 10
Verschil met eiwitten (polymeren van aminozuren) ................................................................................. 10
Homopolysacchariden: opslag van koolhydraten ..................................................................................... 10
Homopolysacchariden als structuurelement ............................................................................................ 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Aminozuren .................................................................................................................................. 12
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Algemene structuur & eigenschappen .......................................................................................................... 12
Enantiomeren ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Classificatie ................................................................................................................................................ 13
Zuur-base-eigenschappen ......................................................................................................................... 15
Een mono-amine, monocarboxylaminozuur ............................................................................................. 15
Hoofdstuk 4: peptiden en eiwitten .................................................................................................................... 16
Peptidebinding .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Functies van peptiden ............................................................................................................................... 16
Eiwitten ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Geconjugeerde eiwitten ............................................................................................................................ 16
Hoofdstuk 5: eiwitstructuur............................................................................................................................... 17
Primaire structuur ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Isovormen ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Secundaire structuur ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Alfa-helix ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Beta-conformatie ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Tertiaire structur ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Vezelachtige eiwitten: ............................................................................................................................... 19
Globulaire eiwitten.................................................................................................................................... 20
Quaternaire structuur ................................................................................................................................... 20
1
, Myoglobine & hemoglobine ...................................................................................................................... 20
Eiwitdenaturatie............................................................................................................................................ 20
Hoofdstuk 6: eiwitfunctie .................................................................................................................................. 21
Basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Haemgroep.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Myoglobine ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Eiwitstructuur bepaald hoe liganden binden ............................................................................................ 22
Hemoglobine ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Coöperatieve ligandbinding .......................................................................................................................... 23
Andere factorren die affiniteit beïnvloeden ............................................................................................. 24
Hoofdstuk 7: lipiden .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
indeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Biologische functies................................................................................................................................... 25
Vetzuren .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Opslagvetten ................................................................................................................................................. 27
Lipiden als energiereserve ........................................................................................................................ 27
Triacylglycerolen (TAG) ............................................................................................................................. 27
Wassen ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
Structuurelement in membranen ................................................................................................................. 29
Membraanlipiden ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Glycerofosfolipiden ................................................................................................................................... 29
Galactolipiden (sulfolipiden) ..................................................................................................................... 30
Tetraëtherlipiden ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Sfingolipiden .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Sterolen ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Andere functies ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Hoofdstuk 8: membranen.................................................................................................................................. 32
Glycoconjugaten ........................................................................................................................................... 32
Suikers als informatiedrager ..................................................................................................................... 32
Membraanarchitectuur ................................................................................................................................. 32
Biologische membraan .............................................................................................................................. 32
Opmerkelijke fysieke eigenschappen ........................................................................................................ 32
Membranen bevatten gespecialiseerde eiwitten ..................................................................................... 32
Membranen binnen een cel ...................................................................................................................... 33
Structuur van membranen ........................................................................................................................ 33
Samenstelling van membranen ................................................................................................................. 33
Membraanstructuur .................................................................................................................................. 33
Gedrag van glycerofosfolipiden in water .................................................................................................. 34
Plasmamembraan ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Membraaneiwitten ................................................................................................................................... 34
Topologie (3D structuur) van integrale eiwitten ....................................................................................... 35
Membraandynamiek ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Verzadigde vetzuren ................................................................................................................................. 36
Onverzadigde vetzuren ............................................................................................................................. 37
Cholesterol ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Membrane rafts ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Hoofdstuk 9: nucleïnezuren ............................................................................................................................... 38
Basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Stikstofbasen afgeleid van parentale moleculen ...................................................................................... 38
Opbouw nucleotiden ................................................................................................................................. 38
DNA en RNA .................................................................................................................................................. 39
Interacties tussen DNA en RNA strengen .................................................................................................. 39
Structuur van nucleïnezuren ......................................................................................................................... 39
Verschillende soorten helices ................................................................................................................... 39
2
, Andere ruimtelijke structuren ................................................................................................................... 39
structuur van RNA is complex ................................................................................................................... 40
Nucleïnezuurchemie ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Denaturatie ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Denaturatiegrafiek .................................................................................................................................... 40
Denaturatiegrafiek 2 ................................................................................................................................. 40
Andere functies van nucleotiden .................................................................................................................. 41
Energiedrager ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Cofactor van enzymen .............................................................................................................................. 41
Signaalmolecule ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Deel 2: pathways ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Hoofdstuk 10: inleiding ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Enzymen ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Pathways ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
Classificatie van pathways......................................................................................................................... 42
Hoofdstuk 11: enzymen ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
Cofactoren ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Naamgeving .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Werkingsmechanisme ................................................................................................................................... 44
Enzymkinetiek ............................................................................................................................................... 44
V0 bestuderen ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Michaelis constante .................................................................................................................................. 45
Bestuderen enzymkinetiek ........................................................................................................................ 45
Lineweaver-Burk-vergelijking .................................................................................................................... 45
Enzyminhibitie ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Regulatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Verloop ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 12: koolhydraatmetabolisme ........................................................................................................... 49
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Glycolyse ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
voorbereidende fase ................................................................................................................................. 50
Opbrengstfase ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Overzicht glycolyse .................................................................................................................................... 50
Pyruvaat .................................................................................................................................................... 50
Deel 1: voorbereidende fase ..................................................................................................................... 50
Opbrengstfase ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Balans ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
Netto balans .............................................................................................................................................. 54
Andere suikers voor glycolyse ................................................................................................................... 54
Fermentatie ................................................................................................................................................... 55
Gluconeogenese ............................................................................................................................................ 56
Netto balans .............................................................................................................................................. 57
Futile cycles ............................................................................................................................................... 58
Pentose-fosfaat pathway .............................................................................................................................. 58
Transketolase, transaldolase ..................................................................................................................... 58
terugkoppelingslus .................................................................................................................................... 58
Glycogeenmetabolisme................................................................................................................................. 59
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 59
Deel 1; afbraak van glycogeen .................................................................................................................. 59
Deel 2: synthese van glycogeen ................................................................................................................ 59
Precursor glycogeen .................................................................................................................................. 59
Hoofdstuk 13: Citroenzuurcyclus ....................................................................................................................... 60
3
, Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Fase 1: productie van acetYl-coënzym A ................................................................................................... 60
Fase 2: citroenzuurcyclus/ Krebscyclus ..................................................................................................... 60
Fase 3: synthese van energie .................................................................................................................... 60
Acetyl-CoA ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
Productie van acetyl-CoA .......................................................................................................................... 60
waar? ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
De reacties .................................................................................................................................................... 61
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 61
8 stappen................................................................................................................................................... 61
Regulatie ................................................................................................................................................... 63
Vooruitblik: relatie met vetmetabolisme .................................................................................................. 64
Hoofdstuk 14: vetzuuroxidatie .......................................................................................................................... 65
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Initiatie .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Glycerol ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Vetzuuroxidatie ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Carnitine shuttle ........................................................................................................................................ 66
Vetzuuroxidatie (= bèta-oxidatie) ................................................................................................................. 66
Rendement ................................................................................................................................................ 66
Oxidatie van onverzadigde vetzuren ......................................................................................................... 67
Oxidatie van vetzuren met oneven aantal C-atomen ............................................................................... 67
Vetzuuroxidatie ook in peroxisomen ........................................................................................................ 67
Omega-oxidatie ......................................................................................................................................... 67
Ketonen ......................................................................................................................................................... 68
Hoofdstuk 15: electronentransportketen .......................................................................................................... 69
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Electronentransportketen ......................................................................................................................... 69
Concept ET & atp synthese & relatie tussen de 2 ..................................................................................... 69
Componenten ............................................................................................................................................... 70
Electronentransportketen ............................................................................................................................. 70
Reductiepotentiaal .................................................................................................................................... 71
Complex I................................................................................................................................................... 71
Complex II.................................................................................................................................................. 71
Complex III................................................................................................................................................. 71
Complex IV ................................................................................................................................................ 71
Synthese van ATP .......................................................................................................................................... 72
NADH-shuttles ............................................................................................................................................... 72
4
