HOOFDSTUKKEN – FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter Title Pages #
1 Introduction in Forensic Psychology 4
2 Psychology and Law 2
3 Development of Antisocial Behavior 9
4 Domestic Violence 11
5 Psychopathy 9
6 Sexual Offending 11
7 Youth Gangs and Drug Wars 6
8 Risk Assessment 5
9 Treatment 8
1
,INTRODUCTION IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY................................................................................................... 7
1. TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING.............................................................................................................................7
2. HISTORY............................................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Stanley Milgram Experiments (1961).........................................................................................................7
2.2 Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) - Zimbardo..........................................................................................8
3. CURRENT SITUATION............................................................................................................................................8
4. PRACTICE OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY......................................................................................................................8
4.1 Main activities for forensic psychologists..................................................................................................8
4.1.1 Assessment.........................................................................................................................................................8
A. Differences between therapeutic and forensic assessment (5)..........................................................................8
B. Methods within assessment...............................................................................................................................9
4.1.2 Treatment of offenders.....................................................................................................................................10
4.1.3 Consultation.....................................................................................................................................................10
5. EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION.................................................................................................................................10
PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW............................................................................................................................... 11
1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY.....................................................................................................11
2. (UN)ACCOUNTABILITY........................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Competency to stand trial........................................................................................................................11
2.2 Insanity defense.......................................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Decision tree.....................................................................................................................................................12
2.2.2 Irresistible urge.................................................................................................................................................12
3. INTERNMENT....................................................................................................................................................12
3.1 The Act of 5 May 2014.............................................................................................................................12
4. EXPERT WITNESS...............................................................................................................................................12
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR................................................................................................... 13
1. DESCRIPTION OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR.................................................................................................................13
2. LEGAL PERSPECTIVE...........................................................................................................................................13
2.1 VOS and Juvenile offense.........................................................................................................................13
2.1.1 Alarming upbringing situation (VOS).................................................................................................................14
2.1.2 Juvenile offense................................................................................................................................................14
2.1.3 New cases and possible explanations...............................................................................................................14
A. Alarming upbringing situation (VOS)................................................................................................................14
B. Juvenile offenses...............................................................................................................................................15
C. Possible explanations (3)..................................................................................................................................15
2.1.4 VOS vs. offenses................................................................................................................................................15
3. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES.................................................................................................................................16
3.1 Life Course Perspective.............................................................................................................................16
3.1.1 Moffitt Theory – expanded...............................................................................................................................16
3.1.2 Moffit Theory....................................................................................................................................................16
A. Life course persistent trajectory (LCP)..............................................................................................................16
B. Adolescent-limited pathway (AL)......................................................................................................................17
C. LCP vs. AL.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
D. Expansion of the Moffit theory.........................................................................................................................17
3.2 Developmental Perspective......................................................................................................................18
3.2.1 Prenatal factors (3)...........................................................................................................................................18
3.2.2 Genetics............................................................................................................................................................ 18
3.2.3 Psychiatric factors.............................................................................................................................................18
3.2.4 Systems perspective.........................................................................................................................................18
3.2.5 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)..............................................................................................................19
3.2.6 Peers................................................................................................................................................................. 20
4. TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES..............................................................................................................................20
4.1 The 3 L’s....................................................................................................................................................20
4.2 Important guidelines (4)...........................................................................................................................21
2
,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE................................................................................................................................... 22
1. CHILD MALTREATMENT.......................................................................................................................................22
1.1 Definition..................................................................................................................................................22
1.2 Numbers...................................................................................................................................................22
1.3 Short term consequences (8)....................................................................................................................22
1.4 Long term consequences..........................................................................................................................22
1.5 Neuropsychological problems..................................................................................................................23
1.6 Risk and protective factors.......................................................................................................................23
1.7 Measuring................................................................................................................................................23
1.8 Intervening...............................................................................................................................................24
2. INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (IPV).....................................................................................................................24
2.1 Definition..................................................................................................................................................24
2.2 History......................................................................................................................................................24
2.3 Problems with numbers...........................................................................................................................24
2.4 Numbers in Belgium.................................................................................................................................25
2.5 IPV and Covid-19......................................................................................................................................25
2.6 Consequences of IPV................................................................................................................................25
2.7 Conclusion of the number........................................................................................................................25
2.8 Risk factors for the male perpetrator (8).................................................................................................26
2.9 Towards an understanding......................................................................................................................26
2.9.1 Explaining the contradiction - Johnson.............................................................................................................26
2.9.2 Typology of Holtzworth, Monroe and Stuart....................................................................................................26
A. Family-Only Batterer (FO).................................................................................................................................27
B. Dysphoric-Borderline Batterer (DB)..................................................................................................................27
C. Generally Violent – Antisocial (GVA).................................................................................................................27
2.10 Risk assessment......................................................................................................................................27
2.11 IPV in Belgium........................................................................................................................................28
2.12 Interventions..........................................................................................................................................28
2.13 The role of the government....................................................................................................................28
2.14 Family Justice Centers (FJC)....................................................................................................................28
2.15 Escalation of IPV.....................................................................................................................................29
3. STALKING........................................................................................................................................................ 29
3.1 Description...............................................................................................................................................29
3.2 Legal perspective (Be)..............................................................................................................................29
3.3 Numbers...................................................................................................................................................30
3.4 Stalking behaviors (5)...............................................................................................................................30
3.5 Consequences for the victim (4)...............................................................................................................30
3.6 Common reactions (5)..............................................................................................................................30
3.7 Mullen’s typology.....................................................................................................................................30
3.7.1 Rejected stalker................................................................................................................................................31
3.7.2 Intimacy seeking stalker....................................................................................................................................31
3.7.3 Incompetent stalker..........................................................................................................................................31
3.7.4 Resentful stalker...............................................................................................................................................31
3.7.5 Predatory stalker..............................................................................................................................................31
3.8 Risk factors...............................................................................................................................................31
3.9 Do’s and don’ts.........................................................................................................................................31
3.9.1 Do’s (6)............................................................................................................................................................. 31
3.9.2 Don’ts (8).......................................................................................................................................................... 32
PSYCHOPATHY............................................................................................................................................. 33
1. PSYCHOPATHY FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.....................................................................................................33
1.1 The history of psychopathy......................................................................................................................33
1.2 Hervey Cleckley.........................................................................................................................................33
1.3 Different views on psychopathy...............................................................................................................34
3
, 1.3.1 Cleckley............................................................................................................................................................. 34
1.3.2 Psychopathy hare – criminal view.....................................................................................................................34
1.3.3 Triarchic model – Patrick et al. (2009)..............................................................................................................34
1.3.4 The three views on psychopathy......................................................................................................................35
2. ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS.................................................................................................................35
2.1 DSM-5 Section II: Antisocial Personality Disorder....................................................................................35
2.2 DSM-5 Section III: Antisocial Personality Disorder...................................................................................35
2.3 The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised..........................................................................................................36
2.3.1 Facet 1: Interpersonal behavior........................................................................................................................37
2.3.2 Facet 2: Affective features................................................................................................................................37
2.3.3 Facet 3: Lifestyle features.................................................................................................................................37
2.3.4 Facet 4: Antisocial behavior..............................................................................................................................38
2.3.5 The practice of the PCL-R..................................................................................................................................38
2.4 Observational methods (overview)..........................................................................................................38
2.5 Self-report measures................................................................................................................................38
2.6 Prevalence................................................................................................................................................39
2.6.1 Prevalence Antisocial PD and psychopathy.......................................................................................................39
3. THE ETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOPATHY: RISK FACTORS AND THEORY....................................................................................39
3.1 Risk factors...............................................................................................................................................39
3.1.1 Risk factor: Genes.............................................................................................................................................39
3.1.2 Risk factor: Parenting........................................................................................................................................39
3.1.3 Risk factor: Brain Dysfunctions.........................................................................................................................40
3.2 Theoretical framework: Fearlessness model – Lykken (1995).................................................................40
4. PSYCHOPATHY AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR.............................................................................................................40
4.1 Psychopathy and (violent) criminal behavior: what?...............................................................................40
4.2 Psychopathy and (violent) criminal behavior: why?................................................................................40
5. TREATMENT OF PSYCHOPATHY.............................................................................................................................41
5.1 Clinical pessimism....................................................................................................................................41
5.2 Clinical optimism......................................................................................................................................41
SEXUAL OFFENDING..................................................................................................................................... 42
1. PARAPHILIA AND PARAPHILIC DISORDER.................................................................................................................42
1.1 Sexual normativity vs. sexual deviance....................................................................................................42
1.2 Paraphilia vs. paraphilic disorder.............................................................................................................42
1.3 Paraphilic preferences (8)........................................................................................................................42
1.4 Other paraphilic preferences (10)............................................................................................................42
1.5 Exhibitionism............................................................................................................................................43
1.5.1 Prevalence........................................................................................................................................................ 43
1.5.2 Where and why?...............................................................................................................................................43
1.5.3 Some etiology theories.....................................................................................................................................43
1.5.4 Recidivism, escalation, treatment.....................................................................................................................44
1.5.5 Consequences for victims.................................................................................................................................44
1.5.6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................ 44
2. PEDOPHILIA AND PEDOPHILIC DISORDER.................................................................................................................44
2.1 Pedophilia and pedophilic disorder..........................................................................................................44
2.2 Legal aspect..............................................................................................................................................45
2.3 Pedophilia.................................................................................................................................................45
2.4 Pedophiles and therapy............................................................................................................................45
2.5 Age attraction ranges...............................................................................................................................46
2.6 Prevalence................................................................................................................................................46
2.7 (Age) Appropriate – Transgressive – Abusive..........................................................................................46
2.8 Typologies................................................................................................................................................47
2.8.1 Robertiello & Terry (2007)................................................................................................................................47
2.8.2 MTC CM3.......................................................................................................................................................... 47
A. Axis I................................................................................................................................................................. 48
4
Chapter Title Pages #
1 Introduction in Forensic Psychology 4
2 Psychology and Law 2
3 Development of Antisocial Behavior 9
4 Domestic Violence 11
5 Psychopathy 9
6 Sexual Offending 11
7 Youth Gangs and Drug Wars 6
8 Risk Assessment 5
9 Treatment 8
1
,INTRODUCTION IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY................................................................................................... 7
1. TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING.............................................................................................................................7
2. HISTORY............................................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Stanley Milgram Experiments (1961).........................................................................................................7
2.2 Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) - Zimbardo..........................................................................................8
3. CURRENT SITUATION............................................................................................................................................8
4. PRACTICE OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY......................................................................................................................8
4.1 Main activities for forensic psychologists..................................................................................................8
4.1.1 Assessment.........................................................................................................................................................8
A. Differences between therapeutic and forensic assessment (5)..........................................................................8
B. Methods within assessment...............................................................................................................................9
4.1.2 Treatment of offenders.....................................................................................................................................10
4.1.3 Consultation.....................................................................................................................................................10
5. EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION.................................................................................................................................10
PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW............................................................................................................................... 11
1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY.....................................................................................................11
2. (UN)ACCOUNTABILITY........................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Competency to stand trial........................................................................................................................11
2.2 Insanity defense.......................................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Decision tree.....................................................................................................................................................12
2.2.2 Irresistible urge.................................................................................................................................................12
3. INTERNMENT....................................................................................................................................................12
3.1 The Act of 5 May 2014.............................................................................................................................12
4. EXPERT WITNESS...............................................................................................................................................12
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR................................................................................................... 13
1. DESCRIPTION OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR.................................................................................................................13
2. LEGAL PERSPECTIVE...........................................................................................................................................13
2.1 VOS and Juvenile offense.........................................................................................................................13
2.1.1 Alarming upbringing situation (VOS).................................................................................................................14
2.1.2 Juvenile offense................................................................................................................................................14
2.1.3 New cases and possible explanations...............................................................................................................14
A. Alarming upbringing situation (VOS)................................................................................................................14
B. Juvenile offenses...............................................................................................................................................15
C. Possible explanations (3)..................................................................................................................................15
2.1.4 VOS vs. offenses................................................................................................................................................15
3. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES.................................................................................................................................16
3.1 Life Course Perspective.............................................................................................................................16
3.1.1 Moffitt Theory – expanded...............................................................................................................................16
3.1.2 Moffit Theory....................................................................................................................................................16
A. Life course persistent trajectory (LCP)..............................................................................................................16
B. Adolescent-limited pathway (AL)......................................................................................................................17
C. LCP vs. AL.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
D. Expansion of the Moffit theory.........................................................................................................................17
3.2 Developmental Perspective......................................................................................................................18
3.2.1 Prenatal factors (3)...........................................................................................................................................18
3.2.2 Genetics............................................................................................................................................................ 18
3.2.3 Psychiatric factors.............................................................................................................................................18
3.2.4 Systems perspective.........................................................................................................................................18
3.2.5 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)..............................................................................................................19
3.2.6 Peers................................................................................................................................................................. 20
4. TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES..............................................................................................................................20
4.1 The 3 L’s....................................................................................................................................................20
4.2 Important guidelines (4)...........................................................................................................................21
2
,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE................................................................................................................................... 22
1. CHILD MALTREATMENT.......................................................................................................................................22
1.1 Definition..................................................................................................................................................22
1.2 Numbers...................................................................................................................................................22
1.3 Short term consequences (8)....................................................................................................................22
1.4 Long term consequences..........................................................................................................................22
1.5 Neuropsychological problems..................................................................................................................23
1.6 Risk and protective factors.......................................................................................................................23
1.7 Measuring................................................................................................................................................23
1.8 Intervening...............................................................................................................................................24
2. INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (IPV).....................................................................................................................24
2.1 Definition..................................................................................................................................................24
2.2 History......................................................................................................................................................24
2.3 Problems with numbers...........................................................................................................................24
2.4 Numbers in Belgium.................................................................................................................................25
2.5 IPV and Covid-19......................................................................................................................................25
2.6 Consequences of IPV................................................................................................................................25
2.7 Conclusion of the number........................................................................................................................25
2.8 Risk factors for the male perpetrator (8).................................................................................................26
2.9 Towards an understanding......................................................................................................................26
2.9.1 Explaining the contradiction - Johnson.............................................................................................................26
2.9.2 Typology of Holtzworth, Monroe and Stuart....................................................................................................26
A. Family-Only Batterer (FO).................................................................................................................................27
B. Dysphoric-Borderline Batterer (DB)..................................................................................................................27
C. Generally Violent – Antisocial (GVA).................................................................................................................27
2.10 Risk assessment......................................................................................................................................27
2.11 IPV in Belgium........................................................................................................................................28
2.12 Interventions..........................................................................................................................................28
2.13 The role of the government....................................................................................................................28
2.14 Family Justice Centers (FJC)....................................................................................................................28
2.15 Escalation of IPV.....................................................................................................................................29
3. STALKING........................................................................................................................................................ 29
3.1 Description...............................................................................................................................................29
3.2 Legal perspective (Be)..............................................................................................................................29
3.3 Numbers...................................................................................................................................................30
3.4 Stalking behaviors (5)...............................................................................................................................30
3.5 Consequences for the victim (4)...............................................................................................................30
3.6 Common reactions (5)..............................................................................................................................30
3.7 Mullen’s typology.....................................................................................................................................30
3.7.1 Rejected stalker................................................................................................................................................31
3.7.2 Intimacy seeking stalker....................................................................................................................................31
3.7.3 Incompetent stalker..........................................................................................................................................31
3.7.4 Resentful stalker...............................................................................................................................................31
3.7.5 Predatory stalker..............................................................................................................................................31
3.8 Risk factors...............................................................................................................................................31
3.9 Do’s and don’ts.........................................................................................................................................31
3.9.1 Do’s (6)............................................................................................................................................................. 31
3.9.2 Don’ts (8).......................................................................................................................................................... 32
PSYCHOPATHY............................................................................................................................................. 33
1. PSYCHOPATHY FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.....................................................................................................33
1.1 The history of psychopathy......................................................................................................................33
1.2 Hervey Cleckley.........................................................................................................................................33
1.3 Different views on psychopathy...............................................................................................................34
3
, 1.3.1 Cleckley............................................................................................................................................................. 34
1.3.2 Psychopathy hare – criminal view.....................................................................................................................34
1.3.3 Triarchic model – Patrick et al. (2009)..............................................................................................................34
1.3.4 The three views on psychopathy......................................................................................................................35
2. ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS.................................................................................................................35
2.1 DSM-5 Section II: Antisocial Personality Disorder....................................................................................35
2.2 DSM-5 Section III: Antisocial Personality Disorder...................................................................................35
2.3 The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised..........................................................................................................36
2.3.1 Facet 1: Interpersonal behavior........................................................................................................................37
2.3.2 Facet 2: Affective features................................................................................................................................37
2.3.3 Facet 3: Lifestyle features.................................................................................................................................37
2.3.4 Facet 4: Antisocial behavior..............................................................................................................................38
2.3.5 The practice of the PCL-R..................................................................................................................................38
2.4 Observational methods (overview)..........................................................................................................38
2.5 Self-report measures................................................................................................................................38
2.6 Prevalence................................................................................................................................................39
2.6.1 Prevalence Antisocial PD and psychopathy.......................................................................................................39
3. THE ETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOPATHY: RISK FACTORS AND THEORY....................................................................................39
3.1 Risk factors...............................................................................................................................................39
3.1.1 Risk factor: Genes.............................................................................................................................................39
3.1.2 Risk factor: Parenting........................................................................................................................................39
3.1.3 Risk factor: Brain Dysfunctions.........................................................................................................................40
3.2 Theoretical framework: Fearlessness model – Lykken (1995).................................................................40
4. PSYCHOPATHY AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR.............................................................................................................40
4.1 Psychopathy and (violent) criminal behavior: what?...............................................................................40
4.2 Psychopathy and (violent) criminal behavior: why?................................................................................40
5. TREATMENT OF PSYCHOPATHY.............................................................................................................................41
5.1 Clinical pessimism....................................................................................................................................41
5.2 Clinical optimism......................................................................................................................................41
SEXUAL OFFENDING..................................................................................................................................... 42
1. PARAPHILIA AND PARAPHILIC DISORDER.................................................................................................................42
1.1 Sexual normativity vs. sexual deviance....................................................................................................42
1.2 Paraphilia vs. paraphilic disorder.............................................................................................................42
1.3 Paraphilic preferences (8)........................................................................................................................42
1.4 Other paraphilic preferences (10)............................................................................................................42
1.5 Exhibitionism............................................................................................................................................43
1.5.1 Prevalence........................................................................................................................................................ 43
1.5.2 Where and why?...............................................................................................................................................43
1.5.3 Some etiology theories.....................................................................................................................................43
1.5.4 Recidivism, escalation, treatment.....................................................................................................................44
1.5.5 Consequences for victims.................................................................................................................................44
1.5.6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................ 44
2. PEDOPHILIA AND PEDOPHILIC DISORDER.................................................................................................................44
2.1 Pedophilia and pedophilic disorder..........................................................................................................44
2.2 Legal aspect..............................................................................................................................................45
2.3 Pedophilia.................................................................................................................................................45
2.4 Pedophiles and therapy............................................................................................................................45
2.5 Age attraction ranges...............................................................................................................................46
2.6 Prevalence................................................................................................................................................46
2.7 (Age) Appropriate – Transgressive – Abusive..........................................................................................46
2.8 Typologies................................................................................................................................................47
2.8.1 Robertiello & Terry (2007)................................................................................................................................47
2.8.2 MTC CM3.......................................................................................................................................................... 47
A. Axis I................................................................................................................................................................. 48
4
