METHODEN VAN
COMMUNICATIEONDERZOEK
INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. KWALITATIEVE INHOUDSANALYSE..................................................................................................................... 9
INHOUDSANALYSE MET PERSOONLIJKE EN OFFICIËLE DOCUMENTEN.......................................................................................9
INHOUDSANALYSE VAN MEDIA-INHOUD ........................................................................................................................................... 10
BELANG VAN CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
INTERPRETATIE VAN DOCUMENTEN EN INHOUD ............................................................................................................................. 11
STAPPENPLAN VOLGENS ALTHEIDE ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
BETEKENIS RECONSTRUEREN.................................................................................................................................................................. 12
KENMERKEN KWALITATIEVE INHOUDSANALYSE .............................................................................................................................. 12
CHECKLIST: EVALUATIE DOCUMENTEN ................................................................................................................................................ 12
KWANTITATIEF VS KWALITATIEF............................................................................................................................................................. 13
ANDERE VORMEN VAN INHOUDSANALYSE ........................................................................................................................................ 13
3. KWANTITATIEVE INHOUDSANALYSE ................................................................................................................ 16
STEEDS MEER JONGEREN DOEN AAN SEXTING................................................................................................................................. 16
FOCUS OP OBJECTIVITEIT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
FOCUS OP SYSTEMATIEK ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
WELKE ONDERZOEKSVRAGEN? ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
VOORBEREIDING .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
EENHEDEN ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
CODEREN ........................................................................................................................................................................................................18
MEERDERE CODEURS .................................................................................................................................................................................18
BETROUWBAARHEIDSCONTROLE ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
4. EXPERIMENTEN ................................................................................................................................................ 21
PAVLOV’S DOG ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
SOORTEN EXPERIMENTEN ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
TERMINOLOGIE .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
EXPERIMENTIELE DESIGNS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Experiment IKEA......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Experiment Rode Kruis ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Experiment Instagrampost .................................................................................................................................................................... 24
1
, STATISTISCHE TERMEN .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
statistische power.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
SAMENGEVAT............................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
5. LITERATUURONDERZOEK .................................................................................................................................. 27
WAAROM NODIG............................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
VORMEN VAN LITERATUUR REVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
NARRATIVE REVIEW.................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
SYSTEMATISCHE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
VOTE-COUNTING - TELRAAMPJE............................................................................................................................................................ 28
META-ANALYSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
META-ANALYSES VERSUS SYSTEMATISCHE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 32
WAAROM NODIG ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
CONCLUSIE......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
6. KWALITATIEF INTERVIEW EN FOCUSGROEPEN ................................................................................................. 33
WAAROM KWALITATIEVE INTERVIEWS EN FOCUSGROEPEN BINNEN COMMUNICATIEWET? ................................................ 33
HET KWALITATIEVE INTERVIEW .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
ONGESTRUCTUREERD INTERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
SEMI-GESTRUCTUREERD INTERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................... 34
HOE MAAK/BEPAAL IK DE VRAGENLIJST+THEMA+ONDERWERPEN?......................................................................................... 34
INTERVIEWEN IN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK ......................................................................................................................................... 35
HET BELANG VAN STRUCTUUR IN EEN INTERVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 36
ELEMENTEN WAAR EEN interview OP KAN FOCUSSEN ................................................................................................................ 36
CREATIEVE TECHNIEKEN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 37
FOCUSGROEPEN ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 37
HET GEBRUIK VAN FOCUSGROEPEN ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
EEN GOEDE GROEP ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
EEN GOEDE VRAAG .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
7. SURVEY EN DAGBOEKONDERZOEK ................................................................................................................... 38
WAAR WORDT SURVEY ONDERZOEK VOOR GEBRUIKT? ..................................................................................................................... 38
HOE WORDT DAT ONDERZOCHT ................................................................................................................................................................. 39
WAAROM ZIJN SURVEYS ZO POPULAIR? ................................................................................................................................................. 39
STAPPEN IN EEN SURVEY-ONDERZOEK .................................................................................................................................................... 39
WIJZE VAN DATA VERZAMELING ................................................................................................................................................................ 40
FACE-TO-FACE VRAGENLIJST................................................................................................................................................................... 40
TELEFONISCHE INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................................................................................... 40
SCHRIFTELIJKE – ONLINE ENQUETES .................................................................................................................................................... 41
2
, PROBLEMEN MET SURVEY ONDERZOEK ................................................................................................................................................... 41
SURVEY CORRELEREN NIET (ALTIJD) MET OBJECTIEVE(RE) MATEN ........................................................................................... 41
RELATIE TUSSEN ‘EASE-OF-RETRIEVAL’ & ‘SUBJECTIEVE SCHATTING VAN JE EIGEN GEDRAG’ ........................................ 42
WAT DOET HET DAGBOEKONDERZOEK ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
VRAGENLIJSToNDERZOEK ........................................................................................................................................................................ 42
vergelijking tussen dagboek en survey ............................................................................................................................................ 42
GESLOTEN VRAGEN ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
TIPS VOOR ONLINE SURVEYONDERZOEK................................................................................................................................................. 44
DISCOURSANALYSE .............................................................................................................................................. 45
WAT IS EEN DISCOURSANALYSE................................................................................................................................................................. 45
TEUN A. VAN DIJK ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
IDEOLOGIE EN DISCOURSANALYSE ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
OEFENING IDEOLOGIE EN DISCOURSANALYSE ..................................................................................................................................47
michel foucault: discours als een vorm van sociale controle ........................................................................................................47
KRTISCHE DISCOURSANALYSE..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
MULTIMODAL CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................................... 49
CONCLUSIE......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
DIGITALE ETNOGRAFIE ......................................................................................................................................... 54
WAT IS ETNOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
WAT IS DIGITAAL IN DIGITALE ETNOGRAFIE ........................................................................................................................................... 54
DIGITAAL ONDERZOEK .............................................................................................................................................................................. 54
onderzoek naar online communitites ............................................................................................................................................... 55
HET VELD IN DIGITALE ETNOGRAFIE .................................................................................................................................................... 55
VIJF GROTE ONWENTELINGEN DIE DIGITAAL ONDERZOEK BEÏNVLOEDEN ............................................................................. 55
FLOW.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
PHRASE A PROVISIONAL RESEARCH QUESTION .............................................................................................................................. 58
Go with the Flow ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Embrace Subjective SELECTIVITY ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
IMMERSE AND ENGAGE, PREFERABLY OVER A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME ............................................................................. 58
EXTERNALIZE YOUR EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCES AND IMPRESSIONS BY MAPPING THEM ................................................... 58
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COMMUNICATIEONDERZOEK
INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. KWALITATIEVE INHOUDSANALYSE..................................................................................................................... 9
INHOUDSANALYSE MET PERSOONLIJKE EN OFFICIËLE DOCUMENTEN.......................................................................................9
INHOUDSANALYSE VAN MEDIA-INHOUD ........................................................................................................................................... 10
BELANG VAN CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
INTERPRETATIE VAN DOCUMENTEN EN INHOUD ............................................................................................................................. 11
STAPPENPLAN VOLGENS ALTHEIDE ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
BETEKENIS RECONSTRUEREN.................................................................................................................................................................. 12
KENMERKEN KWALITATIEVE INHOUDSANALYSE .............................................................................................................................. 12
CHECKLIST: EVALUATIE DOCUMENTEN ................................................................................................................................................ 12
KWANTITATIEF VS KWALITATIEF............................................................................................................................................................. 13
ANDERE VORMEN VAN INHOUDSANALYSE ........................................................................................................................................ 13
3. KWANTITATIEVE INHOUDSANALYSE ................................................................................................................ 16
STEEDS MEER JONGEREN DOEN AAN SEXTING................................................................................................................................. 16
FOCUS OP OBJECTIVITEIT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
FOCUS OP SYSTEMATIEK ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
WELKE ONDERZOEKSVRAGEN? ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
VOORBEREIDING .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
EENHEDEN ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
CODEREN ........................................................................................................................................................................................................18
MEERDERE CODEURS .................................................................................................................................................................................18
BETROUWBAARHEIDSCONTROLE ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
4. EXPERIMENTEN ................................................................................................................................................ 21
PAVLOV’S DOG ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
SOORTEN EXPERIMENTEN ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
TERMINOLOGIE .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
EXPERIMENTIELE DESIGNS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Experiment IKEA......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Experiment Rode Kruis ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Experiment Instagrampost .................................................................................................................................................................... 24
1
, STATISTISCHE TERMEN .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
statistische power.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
SAMENGEVAT............................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
5. LITERATUURONDERZOEK .................................................................................................................................. 27
WAAROM NODIG............................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
VORMEN VAN LITERATUUR REVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
NARRATIVE REVIEW.................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
SYSTEMATISCHE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
VOTE-COUNTING - TELRAAMPJE............................................................................................................................................................ 28
META-ANALYSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
META-ANALYSES VERSUS SYSTEMATISCHE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 32
WAAROM NODIG ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
CONCLUSIE......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
6. KWALITATIEF INTERVIEW EN FOCUSGROEPEN ................................................................................................. 33
WAAROM KWALITATIEVE INTERVIEWS EN FOCUSGROEPEN BINNEN COMMUNICATIEWET? ................................................ 33
HET KWALITATIEVE INTERVIEW .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
ONGESTRUCTUREERD INTERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
SEMI-GESTRUCTUREERD INTERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................... 34
HOE MAAK/BEPAAL IK DE VRAGENLIJST+THEMA+ONDERWERPEN?......................................................................................... 34
INTERVIEWEN IN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK ......................................................................................................................................... 35
HET BELANG VAN STRUCTUUR IN EEN INTERVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 36
ELEMENTEN WAAR EEN interview OP KAN FOCUSSEN ................................................................................................................ 36
CREATIEVE TECHNIEKEN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 37
FOCUSGROEPEN ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 37
HET GEBRUIK VAN FOCUSGROEPEN ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
EEN GOEDE GROEP ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
EEN GOEDE VRAAG .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
7. SURVEY EN DAGBOEKONDERZOEK ................................................................................................................... 38
WAAR WORDT SURVEY ONDERZOEK VOOR GEBRUIKT? ..................................................................................................................... 38
HOE WORDT DAT ONDERZOCHT ................................................................................................................................................................. 39
WAAROM ZIJN SURVEYS ZO POPULAIR? ................................................................................................................................................. 39
STAPPEN IN EEN SURVEY-ONDERZOEK .................................................................................................................................................... 39
WIJZE VAN DATA VERZAMELING ................................................................................................................................................................ 40
FACE-TO-FACE VRAGENLIJST................................................................................................................................................................... 40
TELEFONISCHE INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................................................................................... 40
SCHRIFTELIJKE – ONLINE ENQUETES .................................................................................................................................................... 41
2
, PROBLEMEN MET SURVEY ONDERZOEK ................................................................................................................................................... 41
SURVEY CORRELEREN NIET (ALTIJD) MET OBJECTIEVE(RE) MATEN ........................................................................................... 41
RELATIE TUSSEN ‘EASE-OF-RETRIEVAL’ & ‘SUBJECTIEVE SCHATTING VAN JE EIGEN GEDRAG’ ........................................ 42
WAT DOET HET DAGBOEKONDERZOEK ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
VRAGENLIJSToNDERZOEK ........................................................................................................................................................................ 42
vergelijking tussen dagboek en survey ............................................................................................................................................ 42
GESLOTEN VRAGEN ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
TIPS VOOR ONLINE SURVEYONDERZOEK................................................................................................................................................. 44
DISCOURSANALYSE .............................................................................................................................................. 45
WAT IS EEN DISCOURSANALYSE................................................................................................................................................................. 45
TEUN A. VAN DIJK ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
IDEOLOGIE EN DISCOURSANALYSE ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
OEFENING IDEOLOGIE EN DISCOURSANALYSE ..................................................................................................................................47
michel foucault: discours als een vorm van sociale controle ........................................................................................................47
KRTISCHE DISCOURSANALYSE..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
MULTIMODAL CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................................... 49
CONCLUSIE......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
DIGITALE ETNOGRAFIE ......................................................................................................................................... 54
WAT IS ETNOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
WAT IS DIGITAAL IN DIGITALE ETNOGRAFIE ........................................................................................................................................... 54
DIGITAAL ONDERZOEK .............................................................................................................................................................................. 54
onderzoek naar online communitites ............................................................................................................................................... 55
HET VELD IN DIGITALE ETNOGRAFIE .................................................................................................................................................... 55
VIJF GROTE ONWENTELINGEN DIE DIGITAAL ONDERZOEK BEÏNVLOEDEN ............................................................................. 55
FLOW.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
PHRASE A PROVISIONAL RESEARCH QUESTION .............................................................................................................................. 58
Go with the Flow ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Embrace Subjective SELECTIVITY ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
IMMERSE AND ENGAGE, PREFERABLY OVER A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME ............................................................................. 58
EXTERNALIZE YOUR EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCES AND IMPRESSIONS BY MAPPING THEM ................................................... 58
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