NCE Exam| 253 questions| with complete solutions

cognitive dissonance correct answer: motivation to reduce discomfort (dissonance) caused by inconsistency in attitude and behavior bystander effect correct answer: the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help psycho-social theory correct answer: the belief that social interactions are more important than sexual drives in personality development (ex. Erikson's Eight Stages) psychodynamic theory correct answer: Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces ego psychologists correct answer: believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior Id correct answer: a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Erik Erikson correct answer: neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" ego correct answer: the largely conscious, "executive" part of the personality, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. relativistic thinking correct answer: the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer (gray area) Kegan correct answer: the model stresses interpersonal development, it is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct realist throughout the life span. Piaget correct answer: Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. Piaget correct answer: findings based on his own children conservation correct answer: the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects concrete operational stage correct answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events