NEUROPEDAGOGIEK
Neuropedagogiek .................................................................................................................................................... 1
Doelstellingen ................................................................................................................................................. 6
voorkennis: basisbegrippen uit de neurofysiologie en neuroanatomie ............................................................. 6
Overzicht ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Bouwstenen van het zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................................. 6
Het zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Anatomische posities en sneden .................................................................................................................. 10
De hersenen .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Hersenstam ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Cerebellum ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Diencefalon ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Telencefalon .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Sub-cortex ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Witte stofbanen .................................................................................................................................... 18
Cerebrale Cortex ................................................................................................................................... 19
Occipitale lob ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Pariëtale lob ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Frontale lob ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Temporale lob ................................................................................................................................... 23
Cerebrale cortex .................................................................................................................................... 24
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Kunnen de neurowetenschappen iets voor de pedagogiek betekenen? ...................................................... 24
Waarom Neuropedagogiek? (hieronder zijn een aantal hardnekkige stellingen) ........................................ 24
Waarom neuropedagogiek? ...................................................................................................................... 25
Neuro-wetenschappen <> Pedagogiek ......................................................................................................... 31
Optimisme ................................................................................................................................................. 32
Sceptisme .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Gematigde positie ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Neuropedagogiek: mogelijkheden & grenzen............................................................................................... 34
Methoden van onderzoek in de (cognitieve) neurowetenschappen ................................................................ 35
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 35
A brief history of neuroscience ..................................................................................................................... 36
Relatie hersenen-gedrag ............................................................................................................................... 36
Letselstudies (neuropsychologie) .............................................................................................................. 37
Hersenstimulatie ....................................................................................................................................... 39
1
, Meten van elektrische hersenactiviteit......................................................................................................... 41
Statische beeldvorming van de hersenen ..................................................................................................... 44
Dynamische beeldvorming van de hersenen ................................................................................................ 47
Overige methoden ........................................................................................................................................ 52
Oefening ........................................................................................................................................................ 53
Les 3: Basisinzichten uit de cognitieve neurowetenschappen .......................................................................... 53
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
Anatomische posities en sneden .................................................................................................................. 54
De hersenen .................................................................................................................................................. 55
Subcortex ...................................................................................................................................................... 55
Cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................................ 56
Occipitale lob ................................................................................................................................................ 57
Pariëtale lob .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Frontale lob ................................................................................................................................................... 59
Temporale lob ............................................................................................................................................... 60
Cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................................ 60
Witte stofbanen ............................................................................................................................................ 61
Ontwikkeling van de hersenen ...................................................................................................................... 61
Hoe ontwikkeling bestuderen? ................................................................................................................. 61
Ontwikkelingsneurobiologie ..................................................................................................................... 61
Samengevat ................................................................................................................................................... 66
Ontwikkeling in gedrag ~ hersenen ............................................................................................................... 66
Ontwikkeling van hersenfunctie ................................................................................................................... 67
Les 4: het lezende brein .................................................................................................................................... 68
Inhoud ........................................................................................................................................................... 68
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 68
Lezen ............................................................................................................................................................. 68
Wat is lezen (& spellen)? ............................................................................................................................... 69
Hoe leren kinderen lezen? ............................................................................................................................ 69
Netwerk voor lezen in de hersenen .............................................................................................................. 70
Ontwikkeling van het leesnetwerk ................................................................................................................ 71
Omgevingsinvloeden ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Individuele verschillen................................................................................................................................... 72
Dyslexie ......................................................................................................................................................... 72
Neurobiologische oorzaak ............................................................................................................................. 72
Causale modellen .......................................................................................................................................... 73
Causale modellen: hersenonderzoek ........................................................................................................ 75
2
, Implicaties voor π: effect van interventies.................................................................................................... 77
Effect van interventies .............................................................................................................................. 77
Implicaties voor π: predictie en detectie ...................................................................................................... 78
Predictie – neuroprognosis ........................................................................................................................... 79
Les 5: het rekenende brein ............................................................................................................................... 79
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 79
Rekenen ........................................................................................................................................................ 79
Dyscalculie ..................................................................................................................................................... 80
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 81
Representatie van hoeveelheden (Number sense) ....................................................................................... 82
Hersenonderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 84
Representatie van hoeveelheden ............................................................................................................. 84
Hersenonderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Hersenonderzoek bij kinderen .................................................................................................................. 88
Hersenonderzoek bij dyscalculie ............................................................................................................... 88
Elementair rekenen ....................................................................................................................................... 89
Ontwikkeling van rekenen......................................................................................................................... 89
Hersenonderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 90
Hersenonderzoek bij kinderen .................................................................................................................. 92
Dyscalculie ................................................................................................................................................. 94
Kanttekeningen ............................................................................................................................................. 95
Les 6: het lerende brein; executieve functies ................................................................................................... 95
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 95
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 95
Prefrontale cortex ......................................................................................................................................... 96
Executieve functies ....................................................................................................................................... 98
Werkgeheugen .......................................................................................................................................... 98
Werkgeheugen-hersenonderzoek ....................................................................................................... 100
Inhibitie ................................................................................................................................................... 102
Inhibitie – Responsinhibitie ................................................................................................................. 102
Inhibitie – Responsinhibitie Hersenactiviteit ...................................................................................... 102
Inhibitie – Cognitieve inhibitie ............................................................................................................ 103
Inhibitie – Cognitieve inhibitie Hersenactiviteit .................................................................................. 103
Flexibiliteit ............................................................................................................................................... 104
Flexibiliteit – Hersenonderzoek........................................................................................................... 105
Complexe EF: combinatie van de 3 basisfuncties ............................................................................... 106
Problemen met executieve functies ........................................................................................................... 106
3
, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) .................................................................................... 106
Problemen in executieve functies – ADHD ............................................................................................. 107
Interventies gericht op executieve functies ................................................................................................ 108
Les 7: het emotionele brein ............................................................................................................................ 111
Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................................... 111
Adolescentie ................................................................................................................................................ 112
Primaire vs. Secundaire emoties ................................................................................................................. 113
Primaire emoties ..................................................................................................................................... 113
Herkennen van emoties op gezichten ......................................................................................................... 114
Complexe beslissingen ................................................................................................................................ 116
Complexe emoties: beslissingen nemen ................................................................................................. 116
Complexe emoties: risicovolle keuzeprocessen ...................................................................................... 117
Risicogedrag (in de adolescentie) ............................................................................................................... 119
Problemen in de emotionele ontwikkeling/-regulatie ................................................................................ 121
Les 8: Het sociale brein ................................................................................................................................... 122
Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................................... 122
Sociale informatieverwerking ..................................................................................................................... 122
Perspectiefname ......................................................................................................................................... 126
Theory of mind – Mentalizing ................................................................................................................. 126
Perspectiefname ..................................................................................................................................... 127
Theory of mind – mentalizing ................................................................................................................. 127
Morele ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 128
Sociale keuzes ......................................................................................................................................... 129
Vriendschappen ...................................................................................................................................... 131
Sociale afwijzing (afgewezen worden in een bepaalde vriendengroep) en acceptatie (bevestigd worden
door de vriendengroep) .......................................................................................................................... 131
Effecten van sociale media.......................................................................................................................... 133
Een examenvraag (toepassing) ................................................................................................................... 136
Les 9: Plasticiteit en de rol van omgevingsfactoren ........................................................................................ 137
Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................................... 137
Neuroplasticiteit.......................................................................................................................................... 138
Kritische periode ..................................................................................................................................... 139
Gevoelige periodes...................................................................................................................................... 140
Opgroeien in een “andere” omgeving/invloed van omgeving en gevoelige periodes ............................... 140
Implicaties voor pedagogiek ................................................................................................................... 142
Afwezigheid van de ‘verwachte’ omgeving: effect van deprivatie ......................................................... 143
Abnormale (interne) omgevingsfactoren ................................................................................................ 146
4
Neuropedagogiek .................................................................................................................................................... 1
Doelstellingen ................................................................................................................................................. 6
voorkennis: basisbegrippen uit de neurofysiologie en neuroanatomie ............................................................. 6
Overzicht ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Bouwstenen van het zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................................. 6
Het zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Anatomische posities en sneden .................................................................................................................. 10
De hersenen .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Hersenstam ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Cerebellum ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Diencefalon ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Telencefalon .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Sub-cortex ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Witte stofbanen .................................................................................................................................... 18
Cerebrale Cortex ................................................................................................................................... 19
Occipitale lob ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Pariëtale lob ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Frontale lob ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Temporale lob ................................................................................................................................... 23
Cerebrale cortex .................................................................................................................................... 24
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Kunnen de neurowetenschappen iets voor de pedagogiek betekenen? ...................................................... 24
Waarom Neuropedagogiek? (hieronder zijn een aantal hardnekkige stellingen) ........................................ 24
Waarom neuropedagogiek? ...................................................................................................................... 25
Neuro-wetenschappen <> Pedagogiek ......................................................................................................... 31
Optimisme ................................................................................................................................................. 32
Sceptisme .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Gematigde positie ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Neuropedagogiek: mogelijkheden & grenzen............................................................................................... 34
Methoden van onderzoek in de (cognitieve) neurowetenschappen ................................................................ 35
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 35
A brief history of neuroscience ..................................................................................................................... 36
Relatie hersenen-gedrag ............................................................................................................................... 36
Letselstudies (neuropsychologie) .............................................................................................................. 37
Hersenstimulatie ....................................................................................................................................... 39
1
, Meten van elektrische hersenactiviteit......................................................................................................... 41
Statische beeldvorming van de hersenen ..................................................................................................... 44
Dynamische beeldvorming van de hersenen ................................................................................................ 47
Overige methoden ........................................................................................................................................ 52
Oefening ........................................................................................................................................................ 53
Les 3: Basisinzichten uit de cognitieve neurowetenschappen .......................................................................... 53
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
Anatomische posities en sneden .................................................................................................................. 54
De hersenen .................................................................................................................................................. 55
Subcortex ...................................................................................................................................................... 55
Cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................................ 56
Occipitale lob ................................................................................................................................................ 57
Pariëtale lob .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Frontale lob ................................................................................................................................................... 59
Temporale lob ............................................................................................................................................... 60
Cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................................ 60
Witte stofbanen ............................................................................................................................................ 61
Ontwikkeling van de hersenen ...................................................................................................................... 61
Hoe ontwikkeling bestuderen? ................................................................................................................. 61
Ontwikkelingsneurobiologie ..................................................................................................................... 61
Samengevat ................................................................................................................................................... 66
Ontwikkeling in gedrag ~ hersenen ............................................................................................................... 66
Ontwikkeling van hersenfunctie ................................................................................................................... 67
Les 4: het lezende brein .................................................................................................................................... 68
Inhoud ........................................................................................................................................................... 68
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 68
Lezen ............................................................................................................................................................. 68
Wat is lezen (& spellen)? ............................................................................................................................... 69
Hoe leren kinderen lezen? ............................................................................................................................ 69
Netwerk voor lezen in de hersenen .............................................................................................................. 70
Ontwikkeling van het leesnetwerk ................................................................................................................ 71
Omgevingsinvloeden ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Individuele verschillen................................................................................................................................... 72
Dyslexie ......................................................................................................................................................... 72
Neurobiologische oorzaak ............................................................................................................................. 72
Causale modellen .......................................................................................................................................... 73
Causale modellen: hersenonderzoek ........................................................................................................ 75
2
, Implicaties voor π: effect van interventies.................................................................................................... 77
Effect van interventies .............................................................................................................................. 77
Implicaties voor π: predictie en detectie ...................................................................................................... 78
Predictie – neuroprognosis ........................................................................................................................... 79
Les 5: het rekenende brein ............................................................................................................................... 79
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 79
Rekenen ........................................................................................................................................................ 79
Dyscalculie ..................................................................................................................................................... 80
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 81
Representatie van hoeveelheden (Number sense) ....................................................................................... 82
Hersenonderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 84
Representatie van hoeveelheden ............................................................................................................. 84
Hersenonderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Hersenonderzoek bij kinderen .................................................................................................................. 88
Hersenonderzoek bij dyscalculie ............................................................................................................... 88
Elementair rekenen ....................................................................................................................................... 89
Ontwikkeling van rekenen......................................................................................................................... 89
Hersenonderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 90
Hersenonderzoek bij kinderen .................................................................................................................. 92
Dyscalculie ................................................................................................................................................. 94
Kanttekeningen ............................................................................................................................................. 95
Les 6: het lerende brein; executieve functies ................................................................................................... 95
Overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 95
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 95
Prefrontale cortex ......................................................................................................................................... 96
Executieve functies ....................................................................................................................................... 98
Werkgeheugen .......................................................................................................................................... 98
Werkgeheugen-hersenonderzoek ....................................................................................................... 100
Inhibitie ................................................................................................................................................... 102
Inhibitie – Responsinhibitie ................................................................................................................. 102
Inhibitie – Responsinhibitie Hersenactiviteit ...................................................................................... 102
Inhibitie – Cognitieve inhibitie ............................................................................................................ 103
Inhibitie – Cognitieve inhibitie Hersenactiviteit .................................................................................. 103
Flexibiliteit ............................................................................................................................................... 104
Flexibiliteit – Hersenonderzoek........................................................................................................... 105
Complexe EF: combinatie van de 3 basisfuncties ............................................................................... 106
Problemen met executieve functies ........................................................................................................... 106
3
, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) .................................................................................... 106
Problemen in executieve functies – ADHD ............................................................................................. 107
Interventies gericht op executieve functies ................................................................................................ 108
Les 7: het emotionele brein ............................................................................................................................ 111
Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................................... 111
Adolescentie ................................................................................................................................................ 112
Primaire vs. Secundaire emoties ................................................................................................................. 113
Primaire emoties ..................................................................................................................................... 113
Herkennen van emoties op gezichten ......................................................................................................... 114
Complexe beslissingen ................................................................................................................................ 116
Complexe emoties: beslissingen nemen ................................................................................................. 116
Complexe emoties: risicovolle keuzeprocessen ...................................................................................... 117
Risicogedrag (in de adolescentie) ............................................................................................................... 119
Problemen in de emotionele ontwikkeling/-regulatie ................................................................................ 121
Les 8: Het sociale brein ................................................................................................................................... 122
Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................................... 122
Sociale informatieverwerking ..................................................................................................................... 122
Perspectiefname ......................................................................................................................................... 126
Theory of mind – Mentalizing ................................................................................................................. 126
Perspectiefname ..................................................................................................................................... 127
Theory of mind – mentalizing ................................................................................................................. 127
Morele ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................... 128
Sociale keuzes ......................................................................................................................................... 129
Vriendschappen ...................................................................................................................................... 131
Sociale afwijzing (afgewezen worden in een bepaalde vriendengroep) en acceptatie (bevestigd worden
door de vriendengroep) .......................................................................................................................... 131
Effecten van sociale media.......................................................................................................................... 133
Een examenvraag (toepassing) ................................................................................................................... 136
Les 9: Plasticiteit en de rol van omgevingsfactoren ........................................................................................ 137
Overzicht ..................................................................................................................................................... 137
Neuroplasticiteit.......................................................................................................................................... 138
Kritische periode ..................................................................................................................................... 139
Gevoelige periodes...................................................................................................................................... 140
Opgroeien in een “andere” omgeving/invloed van omgeving en gevoelige periodes ............................... 140
Implicaties voor pedagogiek ................................................................................................................... 142
Afwezigheid van de ‘verwachte’ omgeving: effect van deprivatie ......................................................... 143
Abnormale (interne) omgevingsfactoren ................................................................................................ 146
4
