Tourism Revision Notes Geography A2-2

Tourism Notes:


Tourism Definition: The activities of persons travelling to and staying outside their usual environment for leisure,
business, and other purposes, for at least one night. (World Tourism Organisation)

Reasons for Economic Growth:

 Steadily rising income/ increased disposable income
 Decreasing cost of holidays
 Widening range with middle income budgets
 Heavily marketing shorter holidays aimed at those with more disposable income to afford extra holidays per
year
 Expansion of budget airlines- easyJet, Ryanair, jet2
 ‘Air miles’ and other reward schemes
 Economic recessions can harm tourism

Social:

 Increase in days of leave granted from work
 Increased life expectancy, ‘Grey Pound’
 Increased desire to experience other cutlers/landscapes
 Raised expectations of international travel- more media coverage
 High levels of international migration
 Some destinations are avoided for ethical reasons

Political:

 Many governments invested heavily to encourage tourism
 Government backing for major international events e.g. Olympics
 Perceived ide of terrorists’ attacks in some areas
 Government restriction on tourist areas

Globalisation has increased opportunities and others wouldn’t occur without it (counts as all 3)



Mass tourism definition: large numbers of people visiting holiday destinations and visits are usually confined to a few
weeks a year

 1960’s was the start of mass tourism (80 million)
 Predicted to have 1.8 billion international tourists in 2030 in UK

External Shock definition: an event which can be social, political, or economic which causes tourism to be impacted.

 Natural disasters e.g. flooding, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc…
 Terrorism
 Health scares e.g. SARS March 2003, Covid-19 China 2020
 International image e.g. 2006 film ‘turistas’ US backpackers in Brazil- drugged, kidnapped and organs stolen
 Exchange rate fluctuations

Contribution to Growth of Mass Tourism:

 Development in Transport- 19th century tourists relied on sea/rail transport- confined to local locations
 A larger bracket of income household can now afford to go on holidays at least once per year
 International trips from UK doubled in the 1960-70’s due to increased disposable income and leisure
time
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,  Development in regional airports e.g. George best Belfast
 Budget airlines e.g. EasyJet
 In the UK, visits abroad increased from 31.2million to 53.9 million from 1990-1999 (73% increase)
 Increase in Disposable Income: Income remaining after taxation and national insurance contributions have
been deducted from a worker’s wage
 Family of 4 trip to Spain for 7 days in 2016 was £4000 plus extra spending money
 The average disposable income has doubled from 1977
 Credit cards have become more popular for short time loans
 Packaged Holidays- A booked holiday that includes transport, accommodation, food, and activities organised
by a tour operator
 46% of British travellers opt for packaged holidays (ABTA)
 Benefits- easy to book, good value for money, wide range, etc…
 All-inclusive 7 nights in Spain= £679 per person
 Internet Access- 89% of UK residents have access to the internet.
 In 2016, 76% of all holidays booked online which increased by 51% from 10yrs prior
 E.g. trivago



Butlers model Definition: The prediction of the evolution of a tourism resort over time.

Stage 1 (Exploration): Majorca 1960’s

 Small number of visitors attracted by natural beauty or cultural characteristics
 Tourist numbers limited, few facilities

Stage 2 (Involvement): Majorca 1970’s

 Limited involvement by locals to provide facilities for tourists
 Recognised ‘tourist season’
 Begins to ‘tourist market’

Stage 3 (Development): Majorca 1970’s

 Large number of tourists arrive
 Control passes from locals to external organisations (TNC’s)
 Increased tension between locals and tourists

Stage 4 (Consolidation): Majorca 1980’s

 Tourism becomes a major part of the economy
 Visitor level off (high numbers)
 Some older facilities are seen as second rate/run down

Stage 5 (Stagnation): Majorca 1990’s

 Peak numbers have been reached
 No longer considered fashionable

Stage 6 (Rejuvenation and Decline): Majorca’s rejuvenation in 1990’s and 2000’s

 Attractiveness continues to decline
 Visitors lost to other resorts/destinations
 Resort becomes dependent on day visitors or locals with a limited geographical area
 Decline will continue unless rejuvenation and modernisation



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