ANORGANISCHE CHEMIE
INHOUD
Hoofdstuk 1: Structuuraspecten van de materie ........................................................................................................... 6
1. Atomen en moleculen ......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Samenstelling van een atoom ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Atoomnummer (Z) en Massanummer (A) ........................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Isotopen .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Relatieve atoommassa (RAM) ........................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Relatieve molecuulmassa (RMM) ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Mol en Molaire massa ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Elektronen in schillen en orbitalen ....................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Visie van Bohr.................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Moderne atoomtheorie .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Elektronenconfiguratie ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Voorstelling elektronenconfiguratie ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.4 Inversie 15
2.5 Elektronenconfiguratie en periodiek systeem .................................................................................................. 16
Hoofdstuk 3: Chemische binding ................................................................................................................................. 17
1) Ionbinding ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Definitie van een ionbinding ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Schrijven ionbinding .......................................................................................................................................... 18
Kationen, positief geladen iongroepen .................................................................................................................... 18
Anionen en negatief geladen iongroepen ................................................................................................................ 19
2.6 Stoichiometrische of samengestelde namen .................................................................................................... 20
2.7 Mechanisme van de vorming van een ionbinding ............................................................................................ 21
1ste ionisatie – energie .............................................................................................................................................. 22
2de ionisatie – energie ............................................................................................................................................. 22
3de ionisatie – energie ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Elektronenaffiniteit (stap 4) ..................................................................................................................................... 23
2) Covalente binding ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Voorstelling covalente binding ................................................................................................................................. 25
Soorten covalente bindingen ................................................................................................................................... 25
Formele lading (goed kennen) ................................................................................................................................. 26
Bepaling Lewisformule ............................................................................................................................................. 27
Stappenplan voor Lewis formule.......................................................................................................................... 27
Resonantie (mesomerie) .......................................................................................................................................... 28
, Elektronennegativiteit (EN) – Polariteit van covalente binding ............................................................................... 29
Het begrip Elektronennegativiteit (examen) ........................................................................................................ 29
V.S.E.P.R. – theorie ................................................................................................................................................... 30
Voorbeelden: ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Hybridisatie .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Sp - Sp2 – Sp3 ................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Sp3d – sp3d2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Hybridisatie dubbele en driedubbele binding .............................................................................................................. 39
Polariteit van covalente moleculen .............................................................................................................................. 40
Radicalen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Stappen van radicaal reacties .................................................................................................................................. 41
Toepassingen radicalen ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Metaalbinding .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Krachten en bindingen tussen en in moleculen ........................................................................................................... 42
In een molecule: intermoleculaire krachten ............................................................................................................ 42
Tussen moleculen: intermoleculaire krachten ............................................................................................................. 43
Hoofdstuk 4: Chemische functies ................................................................................................................................. 44
Zuurfunctie (zuren) .................................................................................................................................................. 44
Binaire zuren ........................................................................................................................................................ 44
Oxozuren of ternaire zuren .................................................................................................................................. 44
Toepassingen van zuren ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Basenfunctie (basen) ................................................................................................................................................ 45
Hydroxidebasen ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Aminebasen.......................................................................................................................................................... 45
Toepassingen van basen ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Zoutfunctie ............................................................................................................................................................... 46
Toepassingen zouten............................................................................................................................................ 46
Oxiden ...................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Zure oxiden........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Basische oxiden .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Amfotere oxiden .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Toepassingen oxiden ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Belangrijke kenmerken van verbindingen ................................................................................................................ 47
Sterke elektrolyten ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Zwakke elektrolyten ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Ionisatiegraad ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
Lijst met belangrijkste zuren en afgeleide zuurresten ............................................................................................. 49
,Chemische reacties ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
Zuurbasereacties ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
Reactie van een zuur met een base ..................................................................................................................... 50
Reactie van een zuur oxide met een base ............................................................................................................ 51
Reactie van een basisch oxide met een zuur ....................................................................................................... 51
Reactie met amfotere oxiden met zuren of basen............................................................................................... 51
Sterkzuur verdrijft een zwakzuur uit zijn zout...................................................................................................... 52
Sterke base verdrijft een zwakke base uit haar zout ........................................................................................... 52
Neerslagreactie ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
Oxidatiereductiereacties .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Oxidatiegetal ........................................................................................................................................................ 53
Hoe een oxidatie reductie reactie neerschrijven? ................................................................................................... 54
1. Oxidatiegetal veranderingen ......................................................................................................................... 54
2. Vereenvoudigde reactievergelijking ............................................................................................................. 54
3. Elektronentransfer ........................................................................................................................................ 54
4. Elektronenbalans .......................................................................................................................................... 54
5. Ladingsbalans ................................................................................................................................................ 55
6. Zuurstof – en waterstofbalans ...................................................................................................................... 55
7. Molecuulbalans ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Stoichiometrie .............................................................................................................................................................. 56
Uitdrukken van concentratie.................................................................................................................................... 56
Massa /Volume procent ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Molariteit (CN) ......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Normaliteit ............................................................................................................................................................... 57
Gramequivalent in zuur – basereacties ................................................................................................................ 57
Gramequivalent in redoxreacties ......................................................................................................................... 58
Volume / volume procent ........................................................................................................................................ 58
Concentratie uitdrukken in mol-eenheden .............................................................................................................. 58
Kwantitatieve oefeningen reactievergelijkingen.................................................................................................. 58
Reacties in oplossing ................................................................................................................................................ 59
Redoxreacties ....................................................................................................................................................... 59
Chemisch evenwicht .................................................................................................................................................... 60
Kc – waarde .............................................................................................................................................................. 60
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
Factoren die chemisch evenwicht beïnvloeden ....................................................................................................... 60
Toevoegen of wegnemen een van de reactiepartners ........................................................................................ 60
Verdunning van een oplossing ............................................................................................................................. 61
, Verandering van druk ........................................................................................................................................... 61
Invloed van temperatuur op het evenwicht ........................................................................................................ 61
Invloed van katalysator ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Homogene evenwichten in water ................................................................................................................................ 62
Waterconstante Kw.................................................................................................................................................. 62
Waterstof exponent pH............................................................................................................................................ 62
Protolysereacties met water .................................................................................................................................... 63
Zuur base reacties ................................................................................................................................................ 63
Zuurconstante .......................................................................................................................................................... 64
Baseconstante .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Richting van zuur – base reactie........................................................................................................................... 65
Buffermengsels ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
Zuur base titratie ...................................................................................................................................................... 67
Heterogene evenwichten in water............................................................................................................................... 67
Oplosbaarheid .......................................................................................................................................................... 67
Oplosbaarheidsproduct ............................................................................................................................................ 67
Toepassingen homogene en heterogene evenwichten in grotten .......................................................................... 69
Reactiesnelheid ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
Nulde orde reactie ................................................................................................................................................... 70
Eerste orde reactie ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Activatie – energie ................................................................................................................................................... 72
Snelheid en temperatuur ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Katalyse ................................................................................................................................................................ 73
Kernchemie .................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Aard en eigenschappen van radioactieve straling ................................................................................................... 74
Soorten ladingen .................................................................................................................................................. 74
Alfa straling .......................................................................................................................................................... 75
Bèta straling ......................................................................................................................................................... 75
Gamma straling .................................................................................................................................................... 75
Neutrino’s............................................................................................................................................................. 75
Desintegratiesnelheid – halveringstijd ..................................................................................................................... 76
Atoomkernen eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................. 78
Isotopenverdeling ................................................................................................................................................ 78
Stabiliteit .............................................................................................................................................................. 78
Kernsplijting en kernversmelting ............................................................................................................................. 79
Splijting of fissie ................................................................................................................................................... 79
Versmelting of fusie ............................................................................................................................................. 79
INHOUD
Hoofdstuk 1: Structuuraspecten van de materie ........................................................................................................... 6
1. Atomen en moleculen ......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Samenstelling van een atoom ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Atoomnummer (Z) en Massanummer (A) ........................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Isotopen .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Relatieve atoommassa (RAM) ........................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Relatieve molecuulmassa (RMM) ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Mol en Molaire massa ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Elektronen in schillen en orbitalen ....................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Visie van Bohr.................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Moderne atoomtheorie .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Elektronenconfiguratie ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Voorstelling elektronenconfiguratie ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.4 Inversie 15
2.5 Elektronenconfiguratie en periodiek systeem .................................................................................................. 16
Hoofdstuk 3: Chemische binding ................................................................................................................................. 17
1) Ionbinding ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Definitie van een ionbinding ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Schrijven ionbinding .......................................................................................................................................... 18
Kationen, positief geladen iongroepen .................................................................................................................... 18
Anionen en negatief geladen iongroepen ................................................................................................................ 19
2.6 Stoichiometrische of samengestelde namen .................................................................................................... 20
2.7 Mechanisme van de vorming van een ionbinding ............................................................................................ 21
1ste ionisatie – energie .............................................................................................................................................. 22
2de ionisatie – energie ............................................................................................................................................. 22
3de ionisatie – energie ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Elektronenaffiniteit (stap 4) ..................................................................................................................................... 23
2) Covalente binding ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Voorstelling covalente binding ................................................................................................................................. 25
Soorten covalente bindingen ................................................................................................................................... 25
Formele lading (goed kennen) ................................................................................................................................. 26
Bepaling Lewisformule ............................................................................................................................................. 27
Stappenplan voor Lewis formule.......................................................................................................................... 27
Resonantie (mesomerie) .......................................................................................................................................... 28
, Elektronennegativiteit (EN) – Polariteit van covalente binding ............................................................................... 29
Het begrip Elektronennegativiteit (examen) ........................................................................................................ 29
V.S.E.P.R. – theorie ................................................................................................................................................... 30
Voorbeelden: ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Hybridisatie .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Sp - Sp2 – Sp3 ................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Sp3d – sp3d2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Hybridisatie dubbele en driedubbele binding .............................................................................................................. 39
Polariteit van covalente moleculen .............................................................................................................................. 40
Radicalen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Stappen van radicaal reacties .................................................................................................................................. 41
Toepassingen radicalen ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Metaalbinding .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Krachten en bindingen tussen en in moleculen ........................................................................................................... 42
In een molecule: intermoleculaire krachten ............................................................................................................ 42
Tussen moleculen: intermoleculaire krachten ............................................................................................................. 43
Hoofdstuk 4: Chemische functies ................................................................................................................................. 44
Zuurfunctie (zuren) .................................................................................................................................................. 44
Binaire zuren ........................................................................................................................................................ 44
Oxozuren of ternaire zuren .................................................................................................................................. 44
Toepassingen van zuren ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Basenfunctie (basen) ................................................................................................................................................ 45
Hydroxidebasen ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Aminebasen.......................................................................................................................................................... 45
Toepassingen van basen ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Zoutfunctie ............................................................................................................................................................... 46
Toepassingen zouten............................................................................................................................................ 46
Oxiden ...................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Zure oxiden........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Basische oxiden .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Amfotere oxiden .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Toepassingen oxiden ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Belangrijke kenmerken van verbindingen ................................................................................................................ 47
Sterke elektrolyten ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Zwakke elektrolyten ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Ionisatiegraad ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
Lijst met belangrijkste zuren en afgeleide zuurresten ............................................................................................. 49
,Chemische reacties ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
Zuurbasereacties ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
Reactie van een zuur met een base ..................................................................................................................... 50
Reactie van een zuur oxide met een base ............................................................................................................ 51
Reactie van een basisch oxide met een zuur ....................................................................................................... 51
Reactie met amfotere oxiden met zuren of basen............................................................................................... 51
Sterkzuur verdrijft een zwakzuur uit zijn zout...................................................................................................... 52
Sterke base verdrijft een zwakke base uit haar zout ........................................................................................... 52
Neerslagreactie ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
Oxidatiereductiereacties .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Oxidatiegetal ........................................................................................................................................................ 53
Hoe een oxidatie reductie reactie neerschrijven? ................................................................................................... 54
1. Oxidatiegetal veranderingen ......................................................................................................................... 54
2. Vereenvoudigde reactievergelijking ............................................................................................................. 54
3. Elektronentransfer ........................................................................................................................................ 54
4. Elektronenbalans .......................................................................................................................................... 54
5. Ladingsbalans ................................................................................................................................................ 55
6. Zuurstof – en waterstofbalans ...................................................................................................................... 55
7. Molecuulbalans ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Stoichiometrie .............................................................................................................................................................. 56
Uitdrukken van concentratie.................................................................................................................................... 56
Massa /Volume procent ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Molariteit (CN) ......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Normaliteit ............................................................................................................................................................... 57
Gramequivalent in zuur – basereacties ................................................................................................................ 57
Gramequivalent in redoxreacties ......................................................................................................................... 58
Volume / volume procent ........................................................................................................................................ 58
Concentratie uitdrukken in mol-eenheden .............................................................................................................. 58
Kwantitatieve oefeningen reactievergelijkingen.................................................................................................. 58
Reacties in oplossing ................................................................................................................................................ 59
Redoxreacties ....................................................................................................................................................... 59
Chemisch evenwicht .................................................................................................................................................... 60
Kc – waarde .............................................................................................................................................................. 60
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
Factoren die chemisch evenwicht beïnvloeden ....................................................................................................... 60
Toevoegen of wegnemen een van de reactiepartners ........................................................................................ 60
Verdunning van een oplossing ............................................................................................................................. 61
, Verandering van druk ........................................................................................................................................... 61
Invloed van temperatuur op het evenwicht ........................................................................................................ 61
Invloed van katalysator ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Homogene evenwichten in water ................................................................................................................................ 62
Waterconstante Kw.................................................................................................................................................. 62
Waterstof exponent pH............................................................................................................................................ 62
Protolysereacties met water .................................................................................................................................... 63
Zuur base reacties ................................................................................................................................................ 63
Zuurconstante .......................................................................................................................................................... 64
Baseconstante .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Richting van zuur – base reactie........................................................................................................................... 65
Buffermengsels ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
Zuur base titratie ...................................................................................................................................................... 67
Heterogene evenwichten in water............................................................................................................................... 67
Oplosbaarheid .......................................................................................................................................................... 67
Oplosbaarheidsproduct ............................................................................................................................................ 67
Toepassingen homogene en heterogene evenwichten in grotten .......................................................................... 69
Reactiesnelheid ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
Nulde orde reactie ................................................................................................................................................... 70
Eerste orde reactie ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Activatie – energie ................................................................................................................................................... 72
Snelheid en temperatuur ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Katalyse ................................................................................................................................................................ 73
Kernchemie .................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Aard en eigenschappen van radioactieve straling ................................................................................................... 74
Soorten ladingen .................................................................................................................................................. 74
Alfa straling .......................................................................................................................................................... 75
Bèta straling ......................................................................................................................................................... 75
Gamma straling .................................................................................................................................................... 75
Neutrino’s............................................................................................................................................................. 75
Desintegratiesnelheid – halveringstijd ..................................................................................................................... 76
Atoomkernen eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................. 78
Isotopenverdeling ................................................................................................................................................ 78
Stabiliteit .............................................................................................................................................................. 78
Kernsplijting en kernversmelting ............................................................................................................................. 79
Splijting of fissie ................................................................................................................................................... 79
Versmelting of fusie ............................................................................................................................................. 79
