MEDIA ETHIEK
Inhoudsopgave
Media ethiek............................................................................................................................... 1
Les 1: Introductie tot ethiek en media-ethiek................................................................................3
Wat is ethiek?.................................................................................................................................................. 5
Utilitarisme...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Deontologische ethiek (ook gekend als plichtenleer)......................................................................................... 8
Samenvatting chatgpt: INTRODUCTIE TOT ETHIEK EN MEDIA-ETHIEK................................................................9
Les 2: Inleiding 2....................................................................................................................... 14
Vijf morele Theorieën....................................................................................................................................... 14
Deontologische ethiek................................................................................................................................... 14
Ethiek van rechtvaardigheid.......................................................................................................................... 15
Deugdethiek.................................................................................................................................................. 17
Zorgethiek..................................................................................................................................................... 19
toegepaste ethiek............................................................................................................................................ 20
Principlisme................................................................................................................................................... 20
Reflectief evenwicht......................................................................................................................................... 23
Journalistieke deontologie................................................................................................................................ 23
Samenvatting chatgpt...................................................................................................................................... 24
Les 3: Cultuurkritiek en Beeldvorming........................................................................................29
Dynamiek media-ethiek en bio-ethiek.............................................................................................................. 30
Cultuurkritiek bij Iris Marion Young................................................................................................................... 31
Les 4: AI -> gastles.................................................................................................................... 33
Techniekfilosofie.............................................................................................................................................. 33
Filosofie van AI................................................................................................................................................. 34
AI-ethiek........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Empatische chatbots:....................................................................................................................................... 36
Chatbotfictionalisme........................................................................................................................................ 37
Les 5: reclame........................................................................................................................... 39
Ethiek van de technologie: Mens en Technologie............................................................................................. 39
Reclame........................................................................................................................................................... 42
Wettelijk kader reclame................................................................................................................................... 43
Reclame en Social Media: Ethiek en Influencers............................................................................................... 43
Les 6: reality TV........................................................................................................................ 44
Beïnvloeding en communicatietechnologie...................................................................................................... 44
Reality TV......................................................................................................................................................... 45
True Crime....................................................................................................................................................... 47
1
,Les 8: Virtualiteit en sociale relaties........................................................................................... 48
Web 2.0 en sociale relaties.............................................................................................................................. 48
Online vriendschap?......................................................................................................................................... 48
Moderne liefde en datingapps.......................................................................................................................... 50
Sociale media en mentaal welzijn.................................................................................................................... 51
Quiet quitting................................................................................................................................................ 51
Les 9: media en duurzaamheid................................................................................................... 52
Journalistiek en media...................................................................................................................................... 52
Ideeën uit de politieke communicatie............................................................................................................... 52
Klimaatethiek................................................................................................................................................... 55
Nudging............................................................................................................................................................ 56
Les 10: Deel 1) Games............................................................................................................... 57
Filosofische en ethische thema’s in games: trolleyprobleem...........................................................................57
Hoe kunnen we via morele theorieën nadenken over virtueel geweld in videogames?....................................58
Gamer’s Dilemma (Morgan LUck).................................................................................................................. 59
Zorgethiek in videogames................................................................................................................................ 60
Welke morele dilemma’s roept het ontwerpen en maken van games op? (Perspectief van de designer)........60
Les 10: Deel 2) Ethiek en Gamification........................................................................................61
Snelste cassiere AH.......................................................................................................................................... 61
Vraag: Mag de AH deze vorm van gamification toepassen op kassamedewerkers?.........................................62
Les 11: wetenschapscommunicatie............................................................................................. 64
Vier principes van ethische wetenschapscommunicatie...................................................................................65
2
,LES 1: INTRODUCTIE TOT ETHIEK EN MEDIA-ETHIEK
Tegen 22 april onderzoeksvraag op blachboard zetten. Deadline is 1 juni. Nadenken over specifieke casus ->
zet al bij u onderzoeksvraag een concreet casus of geval of voorbeeld ->
Leerdoelen
- Media-ethiek situeren
- De filosofische methode uitleggen
- Uitleggen wat ethiek is
- Uitleggen welke subdisciplines er zijn
- Twee opvattingen over het ontstaan van moraliteit geven
Met welke ethische vragen zou een communicatiewetenschapper geconfronteerd kunnen worden?
WAT IS MEDIA-ETHIEK?
WAT IS FILOSOFIE?
Theoretische filosofie -> wat is de realiteit en waaruit bestaat die
- Metafysica
- Wetenschapsfilosofie
- Wijsgerige antropologie
- Kenleer
Praktische filosofie-> wat is rechtvaardig systeem of hoe werkt een samenleving?
- Politieke filosofie
- Sociale filosofie
- Ethiek ->
Philosophy spans two major disciplines: practical philosophy and theoretical philosophy. Examples of
theoretical philosophy are metaphysics, philosophical anthropology and philosophy of science. Here
questions are asked regarding the theoretical knowledge of what is man, the world, everything… Since
modernity, much of this domain has been taken over by the sciences. Still, theoretical philosophy as a discipline
is still practiced today. Philosophers reflect on many questions that are raised by the sciences. Philosophers
want to critically think about these questions and clarify them. For example, think about the question of what is
actually scientific knowledge. When is something scientific? Think about the recent discoveries in cosmology,
like string theory. These can no longer be proven empirically. As we shall see later, these would traditionally no
longer count as scientific. Philosophers of science and physicists can think together about scientific practice,
and what counts as a scientific fact in the light of these new theories.
With practical philosophy we mean fields like ethics, political philosophy and social philosophy. We shall
discuss ethics in depth later on.
FILOSOFISCHE METHODE
3
, - Niet louter expressie van eigen opinies – kritiek en bekritiseerbaar. Niet nadenken in het
wildeweg, er zit een methode achter, het is kritiek hebben en u eigen kritisch bekijken.
- Helder en doordacht,
Often people believe that philosophy is a mere reflection of own values or values, without real foundation.
Philosophers and ethicists have all had to defend their field from people who thought there is nothing more to it
than ‘pub talk’. But philosophy is in fact a discipline that tries to ‘think through’ in a clear and consistent way. In
that way, philosophy differs from other types of thinking in at least three ways:
Nadenken over de betekenis van concepten -> wat is een ziekte
Bepaalde gangbare opvattingen in vraag stellen -> is wetenschap altijd cummulatief, weten we altijd meer en
beter?
Gebruik van gedachte-experimenten -> intuïtieomp, je verteld een verhaal en je probeert een concept helder te
maken. Bv om gender duidelijk te maken.
Philosophy reflects on the meaning of concepts
The meaning of many everyday concepts may not be as straightforward if you consider it more closely. For
example, think about the concept of curing a disease. But what is a disease? Does it mean that there is a
proven biological cause, such as is the case with the flu? Does it mean deviating from the mean? Has it to do
with species-typical functioning? This type of questions is also relevant for researchers. For example, much
money is spent on researching autism genes. But what should be the aim of this research? Is autism a disease
to be cured or is it in milder cases more like a variation of normal human behavior? Another major topic is the
concept of personal identity. What does it mean to have an identity? Is an identity stable over time? What about
interventions, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), do they affect identity and it this relevant in the discussion
on the acceptability of these techniques.
Philosophy questions ordinary assumptions
For example, many people believe that science progresses linearly, and more and more ‘science’ is generated.
As we shall see in the next section, philosophy of science questions this claim and investigates whether and
how true scientific progress is possible.
Philosophers develop theories rather than doing experiments
Rather than generating ‘scientific’ data themselves by doing experiments, philosophers develop theories, using
data from their field of interest. They often do use thought experiments. We shall discuss one when we discuss
the theory of justice by John Rawls. Some of these thought experiments can be amusing. For example, the
philosopher Derek Parfit, who wrote extensively on the concept of personal identity, asks us to consider a
‘teletransporter’, in his book Reasons and Persons (1984). The teletransporter is similar to the one in Star Trek.
If you enter the teletransporter, you are put to sleep, it destroys you, breaks you down in atoms and copies the
information to Mars at the speed of light, where you will be reassembled. Is this reassembled person the same
person as you were on Earth? And what if the original person is not destroyed but copies of you are created
throughout the universe? What does it mean to be the same person? Such type of thought experiment may
seem a bit farfetched, but they help us solve dilemmas that are much closer to home. How much do you need
to be changed neurologically before you are a different person? Would it be ethical to perform euthanasia on a
person with dementia, if he or she had expressed a desire to be euthanized when he or she did not yet have
dementia? What about drugs such as Ritalin, who can make one’s life easier, but maybe also influence your
personality? Is keeping your ‘personal identity’ a value as such, or is the wellbeing of the person the only thing
that counts? Experimental Philosophy is a field of philosophical research that makes use of empirical data,
for example surveys or vignette studies probing the intuitions, for example moral intuitions, of —often gathered
through surveys which probe the intuitions of ordinary people, often also moral intuitions—in order to inform
research on philosophical questions
EXPERIMENTELE FILOSOFIE
Wat één filosoof vanzelfsprekend vindt is het niet altijd fouten. Gedachtenexperimenten gaan testen en de
bepaalde assumpties die filosofen hadden dat het niet altijd juist was. Experimentele filosofie is een stroming
sinds de 21ste eeuw waar men gebruik gaat maken van methodes uit pychologie om bepaalde intuïties te testen.
4
Inhoudsopgave
Media ethiek............................................................................................................................... 1
Les 1: Introductie tot ethiek en media-ethiek................................................................................3
Wat is ethiek?.................................................................................................................................................. 5
Utilitarisme...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Deontologische ethiek (ook gekend als plichtenleer)......................................................................................... 8
Samenvatting chatgpt: INTRODUCTIE TOT ETHIEK EN MEDIA-ETHIEK................................................................9
Les 2: Inleiding 2....................................................................................................................... 14
Vijf morele Theorieën....................................................................................................................................... 14
Deontologische ethiek................................................................................................................................... 14
Ethiek van rechtvaardigheid.......................................................................................................................... 15
Deugdethiek.................................................................................................................................................. 17
Zorgethiek..................................................................................................................................................... 19
toegepaste ethiek............................................................................................................................................ 20
Principlisme................................................................................................................................................... 20
Reflectief evenwicht......................................................................................................................................... 23
Journalistieke deontologie................................................................................................................................ 23
Samenvatting chatgpt...................................................................................................................................... 24
Les 3: Cultuurkritiek en Beeldvorming........................................................................................29
Dynamiek media-ethiek en bio-ethiek.............................................................................................................. 30
Cultuurkritiek bij Iris Marion Young................................................................................................................... 31
Les 4: AI -> gastles.................................................................................................................... 33
Techniekfilosofie.............................................................................................................................................. 33
Filosofie van AI................................................................................................................................................. 34
AI-ethiek........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Empatische chatbots:....................................................................................................................................... 36
Chatbotfictionalisme........................................................................................................................................ 37
Les 5: reclame........................................................................................................................... 39
Ethiek van de technologie: Mens en Technologie............................................................................................. 39
Reclame........................................................................................................................................................... 42
Wettelijk kader reclame................................................................................................................................... 43
Reclame en Social Media: Ethiek en Influencers............................................................................................... 43
Les 6: reality TV........................................................................................................................ 44
Beïnvloeding en communicatietechnologie...................................................................................................... 44
Reality TV......................................................................................................................................................... 45
True Crime....................................................................................................................................................... 47
1
,Les 8: Virtualiteit en sociale relaties........................................................................................... 48
Web 2.0 en sociale relaties.............................................................................................................................. 48
Online vriendschap?......................................................................................................................................... 48
Moderne liefde en datingapps.......................................................................................................................... 50
Sociale media en mentaal welzijn.................................................................................................................... 51
Quiet quitting................................................................................................................................................ 51
Les 9: media en duurzaamheid................................................................................................... 52
Journalistiek en media...................................................................................................................................... 52
Ideeën uit de politieke communicatie............................................................................................................... 52
Klimaatethiek................................................................................................................................................... 55
Nudging............................................................................................................................................................ 56
Les 10: Deel 1) Games............................................................................................................... 57
Filosofische en ethische thema’s in games: trolleyprobleem...........................................................................57
Hoe kunnen we via morele theorieën nadenken over virtueel geweld in videogames?....................................58
Gamer’s Dilemma (Morgan LUck).................................................................................................................. 59
Zorgethiek in videogames................................................................................................................................ 60
Welke morele dilemma’s roept het ontwerpen en maken van games op? (Perspectief van de designer)........60
Les 10: Deel 2) Ethiek en Gamification........................................................................................61
Snelste cassiere AH.......................................................................................................................................... 61
Vraag: Mag de AH deze vorm van gamification toepassen op kassamedewerkers?.........................................62
Les 11: wetenschapscommunicatie............................................................................................. 64
Vier principes van ethische wetenschapscommunicatie...................................................................................65
2
,LES 1: INTRODUCTIE TOT ETHIEK EN MEDIA-ETHIEK
Tegen 22 april onderzoeksvraag op blachboard zetten. Deadline is 1 juni. Nadenken over specifieke casus ->
zet al bij u onderzoeksvraag een concreet casus of geval of voorbeeld ->
Leerdoelen
- Media-ethiek situeren
- De filosofische methode uitleggen
- Uitleggen wat ethiek is
- Uitleggen welke subdisciplines er zijn
- Twee opvattingen over het ontstaan van moraliteit geven
Met welke ethische vragen zou een communicatiewetenschapper geconfronteerd kunnen worden?
WAT IS MEDIA-ETHIEK?
WAT IS FILOSOFIE?
Theoretische filosofie -> wat is de realiteit en waaruit bestaat die
- Metafysica
- Wetenschapsfilosofie
- Wijsgerige antropologie
- Kenleer
Praktische filosofie-> wat is rechtvaardig systeem of hoe werkt een samenleving?
- Politieke filosofie
- Sociale filosofie
- Ethiek ->
Philosophy spans two major disciplines: practical philosophy and theoretical philosophy. Examples of
theoretical philosophy are metaphysics, philosophical anthropology and philosophy of science. Here
questions are asked regarding the theoretical knowledge of what is man, the world, everything… Since
modernity, much of this domain has been taken over by the sciences. Still, theoretical philosophy as a discipline
is still practiced today. Philosophers reflect on many questions that are raised by the sciences. Philosophers
want to critically think about these questions and clarify them. For example, think about the question of what is
actually scientific knowledge. When is something scientific? Think about the recent discoveries in cosmology,
like string theory. These can no longer be proven empirically. As we shall see later, these would traditionally no
longer count as scientific. Philosophers of science and physicists can think together about scientific practice,
and what counts as a scientific fact in the light of these new theories.
With practical philosophy we mean fields like ethics, political philosophy and social philosophy. We shall
discuss ethics in depth later on.
FILOSOFISCHE METHODE
3
, - Niet louter expressie van eigen opinies – kritiek en bekritiseerbaar. Niet nadenken in het
wildeweg, er zit een methode achter, het is kritiek hebben en u eigen kritisch bekijken.
- Helder en doordacht,
Often people believe that philosophy is a mere reflection of own values or values, without real foundation.
Philosophers and ethicists have all had to defend their field from people who thought there is nothing more to it
than ‘pub talk’. But philosophy is in fact a discipline that tries to ‘think through’ in a clear and consistent way. In
that way, philosophy differs from other types of thinking in at least three ways:
Nadenken over de betekenis van concepten -> wat is een ziekte
Bepaalde gangbare opvattingen in vraag stellen -> is wetenschap altijd cummulatief, weten we altijd meer en
beter?
Gebruik van gedachte-experimenten -> intuïtieomp, je verteld een verhaal en je probeert een concept helder te
maken. Bv om gender duidelijk te maken.
Philosophy reflects on the meaning of concepts
The meaning of many everyday concepts may not be as straightforward if you consider it more closely. For
example, think about the concept of curing a disease. But what is a disease? Does it mean that there is a
proven biological cause, such as is the case with the flu? Does it mean deviating from the mean? Has it to do
with species-typical functioning? This type of questions is also relevant for researchers. For example, much
money is spent on researching autism genes. But what should be the aim of this research? Is autism a disease
to be cured or is it in milder cases more like a variation of normal human behavior? Another major topic is the
concept of personal identity. What does it mean to have an identity? Is an identity stable over time? What about
interventions, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), do they affect identity and it this relevant in the discussion
on the acceptability of these techniques.
Philosophy questions ordinary assumptions
For example, many people believe that science progresses linearly, and more and more ‘science’ is generated.
As we shall see in the next section, philosophy of science questions this claim and investigates whether and
how true scientific progress is possible.
Philosophers develop theories rather than doing experiments
Rather than generating ‘scientific’ data themselves by doing experiments, philosophers develop theories, using
data from their field of interest. They often do use thought experiments. We shall discuss one when we discuss
the theory of justice by John Rawls. Some of these thought experiments can be amusing. For example, the
philosopher Derek Parfit, who wrote extensively on the concept of personal identity, asks us to consider a
‘teletransporter’, in his book Reasons and Persons (1984). The teletransporter is similar to the one in Star Trek.
If you enter the teletransporter, you are put to sleep, it destroys you, breaks you down in atoms and copies the
information to Mars at the speed of light, where you will be reassembled. Is this reassembled person the same
person as you were on Earth? And what if the original person is not destroyed but copies of you are created
throughout the universe? What does it mean to be the same person? Such type of thought experiment may
seem a bit farfetched, but they help us solve dilemmas that are much closer to home. How much do you need
to be changed neurologically before you are a different person? Would it be ethical to perform euthanasia on a
person with dementia, if he or she had expressed a desire to be euthanized when he or she did not yet have
dementia? What about drugs such as Ritalin, who can make one’s life easier, but maybe also influence your
personality? Is keeping your ‘personal identity’ a value as such, or is the wellbeing of the person the only thing
that counts? Experimental Philosophy is a field of philosophical research that makes use of empirical data,
for example surveys or vignette studies probing the intuitions, for example moral intuitions, of —often gathered
through surveys which probe the intuitions of ordinary people, often also moral intuitions—in order to inform
research on philosophical questions
EXPERIMENTELE FILOSOFIE
Wat één filosoof vanzelfsprekend vindt is het niet altijd fouten. Gedachtenexperimenten gaan testen en de
bepaalde assumpties die filosofen hadden dat het niet altijd juist was. Experimentele filosofie is een stroming
sinds de 21ste eeuw waar men gebruik gaat maken van methodes uit pychologie om bepaalde intuïties te testen.
4
