Inhoudsopgave
Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................7
Griekenland .................................................................................................................................... 7
Rome .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Middeleeuwen (na uiteenvallen Romeinse rijk) .................................................................................. 7
De Renaissance .............................................................................................................................. 8
17e en 18e eeuw ............................................................................................................................... 9
19e eeuw ........................................................................................................................................ 10
20e eeuw ........................................................................................................................................ 10
H1 Vermogensmarkt .................................................................................................................... 13
Risico’s (6) ..................................................................................................................................... 13
1. Kredietrisico ...................................................................................................................... 13
2. Intrestrisico ....................................................................................................................... 13
3. Wisselrisico ...................................................................................................................... 13
4. Liquiditeitrisico ................................................................................................................. 13
5. Marktrisico ........................................................................................................................ 13
6. Operationeel risico ............................................................................................................ 13
Belgische Vereniging van Banken: Gedragscodes (6) ........................................................................ 14
Risico eigen vermogen voor permanente financiering ....................................................................... 15
Risico vreemd vermogen voor tijdelijke financiering .......................................................................... 15
Financiële activa ............................................................................................................................ 15
abstracte markt ßàconcrete markt ............................................................................................... 15
(in)directe financiering .................................................................................................................... 15
Overdracht van vermogen: directe financiering ................................................................................ 15
Overdracht van vermogen: indirecte financiering .............................................................................. 16
De financiële sector ........................................................................................................................ 17
Belgisch bankwezen schema ...................................................................................................... 17
Rollen banksector .......................................................................................................................... 17
Rol 1 – intermediair .................................................................................................................... 17
àinzamelen deposito’s .................................................................................................................. 18
soorten depositos .......................................................................................................................... 18
1. zichttegoeden ................................................................................................................... 18
2. spaardeposito’s ................................................................................................................. 18
3. termijndeposito’s .............................................................................................................. 18
4. kasbons ............................................................................................................................ 18
àverstrekken van kredieten ............................................................................................................ 18
àOmzetting ................................................................................................................................... 19
- schaalomzetting ................................................................................................................ 19
- termijnomzetting ............................................................................................................... 19
- valuta-omzetting ............................................................................................................... 19
Rol 2 – beheren betalingssystemen .................................................................................................. 19
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 1
, Rol 3 – verstrekken van financiële diensten ...................................................................................... 19
1. buitenbalansactiviteiten .................................................................................................... 19
2. vermogensbeheer en beleggingsadvies ............................................................................... 19
3. wissel- en arbitragetransacties en handel in afgeleide instrumenten .................................... 19
4. dienstverlening op en rond de kapitaalmarkt ....................................................................... 19
5. transacties op de markt van overheidschuldpapier .............................................................. 19
6. Logistieke steun aan de buitenlandse handel ...................................................................... 20
7. Verhuur van safes .............................................................................................................. 20
H2 Segmenten van de vermogensmarkt ........................................................................................ 20
Kapitaalmarkt >1 jaar ..................................................................................................................... 20
Producten kapitaalmarkt ................................................................................................................ 20
OLO’s ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Staatsbonnen ............................................................................................................................ 21
Euro Medium Term Notes (EMTN) ................................................................................................ 21
Schuldscheine ........................................................................................................................... 22
Bedrijfsobligaties ....................................................................................................................... 22
Kasbonnen ................................................................................................................................ 22
Aandelen ................................................................................................................................... 22
Geldmarkt < / =1 jaar ...................................................................................................................... 22
Rentevoeten geldmarkt ................................................................................................................... 23
1. Basisherfinanciëringsrente – MRO Main Refinancing Operations – 2,15% ............................. 23
2. De depositofaciliteit – 2,00% .............................................................................................. 25
3. De marginale beleningsfaciliteit – 2,40% ............................................................................. 25
Producten geldmarkt ...................................................................................................................... 25
1. Daggeldleningen................................................................................................................ 25
2. Onderhandse leningen....................................................................................................... 25
3. Interbancaire deposito’s – leningen .................................................................................... 25
4. Deposito-certificaten......................................................................................................... 25
5. Commercial paper ............................................................................................................. 25
6. Schatkistcertificaten.......................................................................................................... 26
7. REPO’s – Repurchase Agreements ...................................................................................... 26
Uitgifte primaire/secundaire markt .................................................................................................. 26
België en haar staatsschuld ............................................................................................................ 26
H3 financiële tussenpersonen...................................................................................................... 27
Febelfin ......................................................................................................................................... 27
5 deelverenigingen Febelfin............................................................................................................. 27
1. BVB – Belgische Verenigingen van Banken en Beursvennootschappen .................................. 27
2. BVK – Beroepsvereniging van het Krediet ............................................................................. 27
3. BEAMA – Belgian Asset Managers Associaten ...................................................................... 27
4. BLV – Belgische Leasingvereniging ...................................................................................... 27
5. BVBL – Belgische Vereniging van Beursleden ....................................................................... 28
Holdings .................................................................................................................................... 28
Financiële .................................................................................................................................. 28
Industriële ................................................................................................................................. 28
Portefeuilleholding ..................................................................................................................... 29
Publieke .................................................................................................................................... 29
Private ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Zakenbanken ............................................................................................................................. 29
E`ectenbanken ......................................................................................................................... 29
Schaduwbanken ........................................................................................................................ 29
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 2
, Hefboomfondsen ....................................................................................................................... 29
Kredietmakelaars ....................................................................................................................... 29
Beleggingsadviesgevers .............................................................................................................. 29
Vennootschappen van vermogensbeheerders en beleggingsadviseurs ......................................... 29
De beursvennootschappen ........................................................................................................ 30
De institutionele beleggers .............................................................................................................. 30
1. Verzekeringsmaatschappijen .................................................................................................. 30
2. Pensioenfondsen ................................................................................................................... 30
3. Instellingen voor collectieve beleggingen (ICB’s) ...................................................................... 30
Primary Dealers ......................................................................................................................... 30
H4 Monetaire overheden .............................................................................................................. 31
Monetaire overheid rollen (3) ........................................................................................................... 31
1. Ontlener............................................................................................................................ 31
2. Belastinginner ................................................................................................................... 31
3. Controleautoriteit .............................................................................................................. 31
Federaal Agentschap van de Schuld ................................................................................................ 31
Het Garantiefonds .......................................................................................................................... 31
Beschermingsfonds ........................................................................................................................ 31
CFI cel voor financiële informatieverwerking .................................................................................... 32
FSMA ............................................................................................................................................. 32
NBB Nationale Bank van België ....................................................................................................... 33
ECB Europese Centrale Bank .......................................................................................................... 34
1. openmarkttransacties (vooral via wekelijkse kredietaanbestedingen) ........................................ 36
1. wekelijkse aanbesteding van kredieten (MRO’s)................................................................... 36
2. langlopende herfinanciering (LTRO’s).................................................................................. 36
3. fijnregelingstransacties (fine tuning) ................................................................................... 36
4. structurele transacties ....................................................................................................... 36
5. lange termijn ..................................................................................................................... 36
2. permanente faciliteiten ............................................................................................................... 37
Marginale beleningsfaciliteiten ................................................................................................... 37
Depositofaciliteit ....................................................................................................................... 37
3. reserveverplichtingen .................................................................................................................. 37
Tenderprocedure ............................................................................................................................ 37
H5a – kredietinstellingen ............................................................................................................. 38
Opbouw balans .............................................................................................................................. 38
1) zichtrekeningen ..................................................................................................................... 38
2) spaarrekeningen .................................................................................................................... 39
Wettelijk gereglementeerde spaarrekening .................................................................................. 39
Roerende voorhe`ing (RV) .......................................................................................................... 39
Niet-wettelijk gereglementeerde spaarrekening ........................................................................... 39
Basisrente (BR) .......................................................................................................................... 39
Getrouwheidspremie (GP) .......................................................................................................... 39
3) termijnrekeningen .................................................................................................................. 39
4) kasbons ................................................................................................................................ 40
TAK 21............................................................................................................................................ 40
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 3
, Actiefzijde balans ........................................................................................................................... 41
1. kredieten ........................................................................................................................... 41
Kredieten aan particulieren (2) .................................................................................................... 41
Kredieten aan ondernemingen (8) ............................................................................................... 42
kredieten aan overheid (4) .......................................................................................................... 43
2. beleggingen ........................................................................................................................... 43
3. andere bezittingen (gebouwen, terreinen, …) ........................................................................... 43
4. interbancaire vorderingen ....................................................................................................... 43
H5b – De bedrijfseconomische coëKiciënten - ppt ........................................................................ 43
H5c – soorten banken .................................................................................................................. 43
Retailbank...................................................................................................................................... 43
a) spaarbank ......................................................................................................................... 43
b) kredietbank ....................................................................................................................... 43
c) hypotheekbank.................................................................................................................. 43
d) private bank ...................................................................................................................... 43
Zakenbank ..................................................................................................................................... 43
a) Merchant Bank .................................................................................................................. 44
b) Vastgoedbank ................................................................................................................... 44
Systeembank ................................................................................................................................. 44
universele bank .............................................................................................................................. 44
islambank ...................................................................................................................................... 44
coöperatieve bank .......................................................................................................................... 44
wholesale bank .............................................................................................................................. 44
oeshore bank ................................................................................................................................. 44
H6a– Wisselmarkt - ppt ................................................................................................................ 44
H6b– De wijzigende omgeving in het financiewezen ...................................................................... 45
Desintermediatie ............................................................................................................................ 45
Gevolgens desintermediatie ........................................................................................................... 46
Fusiegolven: schaalvergroting 7 voorbeelden ................................................................................... 46
Deregulering .................................................................................................................................. 46
1) liberalisering overheidsfinanciering .................................................................................... 47
2) banken mogen opnieuw aandelen bezitten ......................................................................... 47
3) intrestvergoedingen zelf kiezen ........................................................................................... 47
Zeven wereldwijde fintech trends om in de gaten te houden .............................................................. 47
Geïntegreerde financiële groepen .................................................................................................... 47
Bancassurance .......................................................................................................................... 47
Assurfinance ............................................................................................................................. 47
verandering in beleggingspatroon ! .................................................................................................. 49
private banking ............................................................................................................................... 49
H6c– Interbancaire geldtransfersystemen .................................................................................... 50
IBAN= Internation Bank Account Number ........................................................................................ 50
BIC= Bank Identification Code......................................................................................................... 50
SEPA= Single Euro Payment Area ..................................................................................................... 50
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 4
, Isabel= Interbank Standard Association ........................................................................................... 50
SWIFT= Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication ............................................. 51
UCV-systeem= UitwisselingsCentrum der te verrekenen Verrichtingen van het Belgisch financieel
systeem ......................................................................................................................................... 51
Netto-vereeeningsysteem ............................................................................................................... 51
TIPS= Target Instant Payment Settlement ......................................................................................... 51
Bruto-vereeeningsysteem ............................................................................................................... 51
RTGS: Real Time Gross Settlement .................................................................................................. 51
Target2 ........................................................................................................................................... 51
H6d– Internationale financiële instellingen (6) .............................................................................. 52
1. IMF ........................................................................................................................................ 52
2. Wereldbank ........................................................................................................................... 53
3. Regionale ontwikkelingsbanken .............................................................................................. 54
4. BIS= Bank voor internationale Betalingen ................................................................................ 54
5. Europese Investeringsbank ..................................................................................................... 54
6. Federal Reserve System ......................................................................................................... 54
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 5
,Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 6
,Geschiedenis
Griekenland
Bank
- Italiaans banco : houten bank
- Op die bank deden geldwisselaars hun job
Functie bank: korte schets
De vermogensmarkt
Subjecten met Subjecten met
financiële overschotten financiële tekorten
AANBOD VRAAG
Financiële instellingen
als intermediair
Deposito’s Kredietverlening
Priesters functie
- Deden giften in ruil voor bescherming van goden
- Leenden geld uit aan handelaars en landbouwers (akkers, vee, slaven, …)
- Registreren transacties op kleitabletten
Code van hammurabi
- Regels die werden opgesteld door overvloed aan transacties
Trapezieten
- Geldwisselaars (trappers xd)
Collubisten
- Eerste Griekse bankiers
- Verzamelen deposito’s en lenen geld uit
Eerste openbare banken
- Belastingen innen
- Overheidsfondsen beheren
- Betalen staatsuitgaven
Rome Italië
Argentarii: privé banken
Mensarii: openbare banken
Middeleeuwen (na uiteenvallen Romeinse rijk)
Byzantium: ontwikkelt verder (griekse stad)
Westen: feodale samenleving
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 7
Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................7
Griekenland .................................................................................................................................... 7
Rome .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Middeleeuwen (na uiteenvallen Romeinse rijk) .................................................................................. 7
De Renaissance .............................................................................................................................. 8
17e en 18e eeuw ............................................................................................................................... 9
19e eeuw ........................................................................................................................................ 10
20e eeuw ........................................................................................................................................ 10
H1 Vermogensmarkt .................................................................................................................... 13
Risico’s (6) ..................................................................................................................................... 13
1. Kredietrisico ...................................................................................................................... 13
2. Intrestrisico ....................................................................................................................... 13
3. Wisselrisico ...................................................................................................................... 13
4. Liquiditeitrisico ................................................................................................................. 13
5. Marktrisico ........................................................................................................................ 13
6. Operationeel risico ............................................................................................................ 13
Belgische Vereniging van Banken: Gedragscodes (6) ........................................................................ 14
Risico eigen vermogen voor permanente financiering ....................................................................... 15
Risico vreemd vermogen voor tijdelijke financiering .......................................................................... 15
Financiële activa ............................................................................................................................ 15
abstracte markt ßàconcrete markt ............................................................................................... 15
(in)directe financiering .................................................................................................................... 15
Overdracht van vermogen: directe financiering ................................................................................ 15
Overdracht van vermogen: indirecte financiering .............................................................................. 16
De financiële sector ........................................................................................................................ 17
Belgisch bankwezen schema ...................................................................................................... 17
Rollen banksector .......................................................................................................................... 17
Rol 1 – intermediair .................................................................................................................... 17
àinzamelen deposito’s .................................................................................................................. 18
soorten depositos .......................................................................................................................... 18
1. zichttegoeden ................................................................................................................... 18
2. spaardeposito’s ................................................................................................................. 18
3. termijndeposito’s .............................................................................................................. 18
4. kasbons ............................................................................................................................ 18
àverstrekken van kredieten ............................................................................................................ 18
àOmzetting ................................................................................................................................... 19
- schaalomzetting ................................................................................................................ 19
- termijnomzetting ............................................................................................................... 19
- valuta-omzetting ............................................................................................................... 19
Rol 2 – beheren betalingssystemen .................................................................................................. 19
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 1
, Rol 3 – verstrekken van financiële diensten ...................................................................................... 19
1. buitenbalansactiviteiten .................................................................................................... 19
2. vermogensbeheer en beleggingsadvies ............................................................................... 19
3. wissel- en arbitragetransacties en handel in afgeleide instrumenten .................................... 19
4. dienstverlening op en rond de kapitaalmarkt ....................................................................... 19
5. transacties op de markt van overheidschuldpapier .............................................................. 19
6. Logistieke steun aan de buitenlandse handel ...................................................................... 20
7. Verhuur van safes .............................................................................................................. 20
H2 Segmenten van de vermogensmarkt ........................................................................................ 20
Kapitaalmarkt >1 jaar ..................................................................................................................... 20
Producten kapitaalmarkt ................................................................................................................ 20
OLO’s ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Staatsbonnen ............................................................................................................................ 21
Euro Medium Term Notes (EMTN) ................................................................................................ 21
Schuldscheine ........................................................................................................................... 22
Bedrijfsobligaties ....................................................................................................................... 22
Kasbonnen ................................................................................................................................ 22
Aandelen ................................................................................................................................... 22
Geldmarkt < / =1 jaar ...................................................................................................................... 22
Rentevoeten geldmarkt ................................................................................................................... 23
1. Basisherfinanciëringsrente – MRO Main Refinancing Operations – 2,15% ............................. 23
2. De depositofaciliteit – 2,00% .............................................................................................. 25
3. De marginale beleningsfaciliteit – 2,40% ............................................................................. 25
Producten geldmarkt ...................................................................................................................... 25
1. Daggeldleningen................................................................................................................ 25
2. Onderhandse leningen....................................................................................................... 25
3. Interbancaire deposito’s – leningen .................................................................................... 25
4. Deposito-certificaten......................................................................................................... 25
5. Commercial paper ............................................................................................................. 25
6. Schatkistcertificaten.......................................................................................................... 26
7. REPO’s – Repurchase Agreements ...................................................................................... 26
Uitgifte primaire/secundaire markt .................................................................................................. 26
België en haar staatsschuld ............................................................................................................ 26
H3 financiële tussenpersonen...................................................................................................... 27
Febelfin ......................................................................................................................................... 27
5 deelverenigingen Febelfin............................................................................................................. 27
1. BVB – Belgische Verenigingen van Banken en Beursvennootschappen .................................. 27
2. BVK – Beroepsvereniging van het Krediet ............................................................................. 27
3. BEAMA – Belgian Asset Managers Associaten ...................................................................... 27
4. BLV – Belgische Leasingvereniging ...................................................................................... 27
5. BVBL – Belgische Vereniging van Beursleden ....................................................................... 28
Holdings .................................................................................................................................... 28
Financiële .................................................................................................................................. 28
Industriële ................................................................................................................................. 28
Portefeuilleholding ..................................................................................................................... 29
Publieke .................................................................................................................................... 29
Private ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Zakenbanken ............................................................................................................................. 29
E`ectenbanken ......................................................................................................................... 29
Schaduwbanken ........................................................................................................................ 29
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 2
, Hefboomfondsen ....................................................................................................................... 29
Kredietmakelaars ....................................................................................................................... 29
Beleggingsadviesgevers .............................................................................................................. 29
Vennootschappen van vermogensbeheerders en beleggingsadviseurs ......................................... 29
De beursvennootschappen ........................................................................................................ 30
De institutionele beleggers .............................................................................................................. 30
1. Verzekeringsmaatschappijen .................................................................................................. 30
2. Pensioenfondsen ................................................................................................................... 30
3. Instellingen voor collectieve beleggingen (ICB’s) ...................................................................... 30
Primary Dealers ......................................................................................................................... 30
H4 Monetaire overheden .............................................................................................................. 31
Monetaire overheid rollen (3) ........................................................................................................... 31
1. Ontlener............................................................................................................................ 31
2. Belastinginner ................................................................................................................... 31
3. Controleautoriteit .............................................................................................................. 31
Federaal Agentschap van de Schuld ................................................................................................ 31
Het Garantiefonds .......................................................................................................................... 31
Beschermingsfonds ........................................................................................................................ 31
CFI cel voor financiële informatieverwerking .................................................................................... 32
FSMA ............................................................................................................................................. 32
NBB Nationale Bank van België ....................................................................................................... 33
ECB Europese Centrale Bank .......................................................................................................... 34
1. openmarkttransacties (vooral via wekelijkse kredietaanbestedingen) ........................................ 36
1. wekelijkse aanbesteding van kredieten (MRO’s)................................................................... 36
2. langlopende herfinanciering (LTRO’s).................................................................................. 36
3. fijnregelingstransacties (fine tuning) ................................................................................... 36
4. structurele transacties ....................................................................................................... 36
5. lange termijn ..................................................................................................................... 36
2. permanente faciliteiten ............................................................................................................... 37
Marginale beleningsfaciliteiten ................................................................................................... 37
Depositofaciliteit ....................................................................................................................... 37
3. reserveverplichtingen .................................................................................................................. 37
Tenderprocedure ............................................................................................................................ 37
H5a – kredietinstellingen ............................................................................................................. 38
Opbouw balans .............................................................................................................................. 38
1) zichtrekeningen ..................................................................................................................... 38
2) spaarrekeningen .................................................................................................................... 39
Wettelijk gereglementeerde spaarrekening .................................................................................. 39
Roerende voorhe`ing (RV) .......................................................................................................... 39
Niet-wettelijk gereglementeerde spaarrekening ........................................................................... 39
Basisrente (BR) .......................................................................................................................... 39
Getrouwheidspremie (GP) .......................................................................................................... 39
3) termijnrekeningen .................................................................................................................. 39
4) kasbons ................................................................................................................................ 40
TAK 21............................................................................................................................................ 40
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 3
, Actiefzijde balans ........................................................................................................................... 41
1. kredieten ........................................................................................................................... 41
Kredieten aan particulieren (2) .................................................................................................... 41
Kredieten aan ondernemingen (8) ............................................................................................... 42
kredieten aan overheid (4) .......................................................................................................... 43
2. beleggingen ........................................................................................................................... 43
3. andere bezittingen (gebouwen, terreinen, …) ........................................................................... 43
4. interbancaire vorderingen ....................................................................................................... 43
H5b – De bedrijfseconomische coëKiciënten - ppt ........................................................................ 43
H5c – soorten banken .................................................................................................................. 43
Retailbank...................................................................................................................................... 43
a) spaarbank ......................................................................................................................... 43
b) kredietbank ....................................................................................................................... 43
c) hypotheekbank.................................................................................................................. 43
d) private bank ...................................................................................................................... 43
Zakenbank ..................................................................................................................................... 43
a) Merchant Bank .................................................................................................................. 44
b) Vastgoedbank ................................................................................................................... 44
Systeembank ................................................................................................................................. 44
universele bank .............................................................................................................................. 44
islambank ...................................................................................................................................... 44
coöperatieve bank .......................................................................................................................... 44
wholesale bank .............................................................................................................................. 44
oeshore bank ................................................................................................................................. 44
H6a– Wisselmarkt - ppt ................................................................................................................ 44
H6b– De wijzigende omgeving in het financiewezen ...................................................................... 45
Desintermediatie ............................................................................................................................ 45
Gevolgens desintermediatie ........................................................................................................... 46
Fusiegolven: schaalvergroting 7 voorbeelden ................................................................................... 46
Deregulering .................................................................................................................................. 46
1) liberalisering overheidsfinanciering .................................................................................... 47
2) banken mogen opnieuw aandelen bezitten ......................................................................... 47
3) intrestvergoedingen zelf kiezen ........................................................................................... 47
Zeven wereldwijde fintech trends om in de gaten te houden .............................................................. 47
Geïntegreerde financiële groepen .................................................................................................... 47
Bancassurance .......................................................................................................................... 47
Assurfinance ............................................................................................................................. 47
verandering in beleggingspatroon ! .................................................................................................. 49
private banking ............................................................................................................................... 49
H6c– Interbancaire geldtransfersystemen .................................................................................... 50
IBAN= Internation Bank Account Number ........................................................................................ 50
BIC= Bank Identification Code......................................................................................................... 50
SEPA= Single Euro Payment Area ..................................................................................................... 50
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 4
, Isabel= Interbank Standard Association ........................................................................................... 50
SWIFT= Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication ............................................. 51
UCV-systeem= UitwisselingsCentrum der te verrekenen Verrichtingen van het Belgisch financieel
systeem ......................................................................................................................................... 51
Netto-vereeeningsysteem ............................................................................................................... 51
TIPS= Target Instant Payment Settlement ......................................................................................... 51
Bruto-vereeeningsysteem ............................................................................................................... 51
RTGS: Real Time Gross Settlement .................................................................................................. 51
Target2 ........................................................................................................................................... 51
H6d– Internationale financiële instellingen (6) .............................................................................. 52
1. IMF ........................................................................................................................................ 52
2. Wereldbank ........................................................................................................................... 53
3. Regionale ontwikkelingsbanken .............................................................................................. 54
4. BIS= Bank voor internationale Betalingen ................................................................................ 54
5. Europese Investeringsbank ..................................................................................................... 54
6. Federal Reserve System ......................................................................................................... 54
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 5
,Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 6
,Geschiedenis
Griekenland
Bank
- Italiaans banco : houten bank
- Op die bank deden geldwisselaars hun job
Functie bank: korte schets
De vermogensmarkt
Subjecten met Subjecten met
financiële overschotten financiële tekorten
AANBOD VRAAG
Financiële instellingen
als intermediair
Deposito’s Kredietverlening
Priesters functie
- Deden giften in ruil voor bescherming van goden
- Leenden geld uit aan handelaars en landbouwers (akkers, vee, slaven, …)
- Registreren transacties op kleitabletten
Code van hammurabi
- Regels die werden opgesteld door overvloed aan transacties
Trapezieten
- Geldwisselaars (trappers xd)
Collubisten
- Eerste Griekse bankiers
- Verzamelen deposito’s en lenen geld uit
Eerste openbare banken
- Belastingen innen
- Overheidsfondsen beheren
- Betalen staatsuitgaven
Rome Italië
Argentarii: privé banken
Mensarii: openbare banken
Middeleeuwen (na uiteenvallen Romeinse rijk)
Byzantium: ontwikkelt verder (griekse stad)
Westen: feodale samenleving
Financiële markten – Sofia Amari 7
