SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE
Samenvatting semester 2
Bachelor in de Orthopedagogie
2020-2021
Femke Peeters
,Femke Peeters
1A3.1/1A3.2
Inhoud
1. Sociale cognities
Schema’s.................................................................................................................................................. 8
Omschrijving ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Evolutionair ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Configureren.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Opvallende kenmerken ..................................................................................................................... 14
Primacy-effect ................................................................................................................................... 14
Configuratiemodel van Asch ............................................................................................................. 15
Impliciete persoonlijkheidstheorie.................................................................................................... 16
Persoonsperceptie................................................................................................................................. 18
Priming .................................................................................................................................................. 19
2 soorten priming .............................................................................................................................. 19
Onderzoeksresultaten priming-effect ............................................................................................... 20
Referentie-index ................................................................................................................................ 20
Kritiek op sociaalpsychologisch onderzoek ....................................................................................... 21
Politieke keuzes ................................................................................................................................. 22
Cognitieve dissonantie .......................................................................................................................... 22
Endowment effect ............................................................................................................................. 24
Het negatieve ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Aversie voor verlies ........................................................................................................................... 24
Negativiteitseffect ............................................................................................................................. 25
Linken met het werkveld ............................................................................................................... 25
Cognitie en affect .................................................................................................................................. 25
2. Attributies
Criteria ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Intern / extern ................................................................................................................................... 27
Stabiel / onstabiel.............................................................................................................................. 27
Controleerbaar / oncontroleerbaar .................................................................................................. 28
Globaal / specifiek ............................................................................................................................. 28
Attributies en orthopedagogie .............................................................................................................. 29
Attributietheorieën ............................................................................................................................... 29
Zelfwaarnemingstheorie – Bem ........................................................................................................ 29
Corresponderende inferentietheorie - Jones & Davis....................................................................... 31
1
,Femke Peeters
1A3.1/1A3.2
Covariatiemodel – Kelley ................................................................................................................... 32
Tweestappenmodel – Gilbert ............................................................................................................ 33
Motivatie ............................................................................................................................................... 33
Vertekeningen ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Zelfbeeld en self-serving bias ............................................................................................................ 34
Beperkte rationaliteit en heuristieken .............................................................................................. 34
Valse consensuseffect ....................................................................................................................... 35
Basisfrequentievalstrik en tegenfeitelijk denken .............................................................................. 35
Fundamentele attributiefout ............................................................................................................ 36
Actor-observator verschil .................................................................................................................. 37
Zelfvervullende voorspelling – self-fulfilling prophecy ..................................................................... 37
Hoe kan je attributies linken aan het werkveld?................................................................................... 38
3. Sociale beïnvloeding
Conformisme of meerderheidsinvloed ................................................................................................. 39
Sherif en het autokinetische effect ................................................................................................... 39
Jacobs & Campbell en het verdwijnen van de beïnvloedingsbron ................................................... 40
Festinger en de socialevergelijkingstheorie ...................................................................................... 40
Lijnexperiment van Asch ................................................................................................................... 41
Informatieve en normatieve beïnvloeding........................................................................................ 41
Beïnvloedende factoren .................................................................................................................... 43
Voor- en nadelen van conformeren voor ortho-agogisch werkveld ................................................. 43
Innovatie of minderheidsinvloed .......................................................................................................... 44
Moscovici en kleurendia’s ................................................................................................................. 44
Proefopzet Asch VS Moscovici ...................................................................................................... 45
Beïnvloedende factoren .................................................................................................................... 45
Gehoorzaamheid en autoriteit .............................................................................................................. 46
Milgram en elektroshocks ................................................................................................................. 47
Gevangenis experiment van Zimbardo – Stanford Gevangenisexperiment ..................................... 49
Gevolgen van deze experimenten ..................................................................................................... 49
Ethisch ............................................................................................................................................... 50
Sociale facilitatie en belemmering ........................................................................................................ 51
Evaluatie verwachten ........................................................................................................................ 52
Aandachtsverdeling ........................................................................................................................... 52
Sociaal meeliften ................................................................................................................................... 52
Ringelmann-effect ............................................................................................................................. 53
Ongelijkheidsaversie ......................................................................................................................... 53
2
, Femke Peeters
1A3.1/1A3.2
Counteren .......................................................................................................................................... 54
4. Hulpverlenen
Altruïsme? ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Wederkerig altruïsme ............................................................................................................................ 55
Kosten-batenanalyse ......................................................................................................................... 55
Ultimatum game................................................................................................................................ 55
Prisoner’s game ................................................................................................................................. 56
Empathie – LEZEN P126-134 ................................................................................................................. 56
Stappenmodel ....................................................................................................................................... 56
STAP 1: Opmerken dat er iets gebeurd ............................................................................................. 57
STAP 2: De gebeurtenis als een noodsituatie interpreteren ............................................................. 57
STAP 3: Verantwoordelijkheid nemen om te helpen ........................................................................ 58
STAP 4: Beslissen hoe men zal helpen .............................................................................................. 58
STAP 5: Actie ondernemen – hulp bieden ......................................................................................... 59
Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................................ 59
Situationele factoren ......................................................................................................................... 59
Persoonsgebonden factoren ............................................................................................................. 61
Motivationele factoren ..................................................................................................................... 62
Altruïsme of egoïsme? ................................................................................................................... 63
Interpersoonlijke factoren................................................................................................................. 64
5. In groep
Sociale categorisatie .............................................................................................................................. 65
Accentuation effect ............................................................................................................................... 66
Assumed similarity effect ...................................................................................................................... 67
Minimal group-paradigma................................................................................................................. 67
Outgroup homogeneity effect............................................................................................................... 67
De-individuatie .................................................................................................................................. 68
Oorzaken voor homogeneity effect .................................................................................................. 68
Ontmoeten .................................................................................................................................... 68
Abstraction-based versus instance-based ..................................................................................... 69
Homogene minderheid ................................................................................................................. 69
Ingroup-favoritisme-effect .................................................................................................................... 69
Verklaringen ...................................................................................................................................... 71
Valkuilen ................................................................................................................................................ 72
Groupthink ........................................................................................................................................ 72
3
Samenvatting semester 2
Bachelor in de Orthopedagogie
2020-2021
Femke Peeters
,Femke Peeters
1A3.1/1A3.2
Inhoud
1. Sociale cognities
Schema’s.................................................................................................................................................. 8
Omschrijving ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Evolutionair ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Configureren.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Opvallende kenmerken ..................................................................................................................... 14
Primacy-effect ................................................................................................................................... 14
Configuratiemodel van Asch ............................................................................................................. 15
Impliciete persoonlijkheidstheorie.................................................................................................... 16
Persoonsperceptie................................................................................................................................. 18
Priming .................................................................................................................................................. 19
2 soorten priming .............................................................................................................................. 19
Onderzoeksresultaten priming-effect ............................................................................................... 20
Referentie-index ................................................................................................................................ 20
Kritiek op sociaalpsychologisch onderzoek ....................................................................................... 21
Politieke keuzes ................................................................................................................................. 22
Cognitieve dissonantie .......................................................................................................................... 22
Endowment effect ............................................................................................................................. 24
Het negatieve ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Aversie voor verlies ........................................................................................................................... 24
Negativiteitseffect ............................................................................................................................. 25
Linken met het werkveld ............................................................................................................... 25
Cognitie en affect .................................................................................................................................. 25
2. Attributies
Criteria ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Intern / extern ................................................................................................................................... 27
Stabiel / onstabiel.............................................................................................................................. 27
Controleerbaar / oncontroleerbaar .................................................................................................. 28
Globaal / specifiek ............................................................................................................................. 28
Attributies en orthopedagogie .............................................................................................................. 29
Attributietheorieën ............................................................................................................................... 29
Zelfwaarnemingstheorie – Bem ........................................................................................................ 29
Corresponderende inferentietheorie - Jones & Davis....................................................................... 31
1
,Femke Peeters
1A3.1/1A3.2
Covariatiemodel – Kelley ................................................................................................................... 32
Tweestappenmodel – Gilbert ............................................................................................................ 33
Motivatie ............................................................................................................................................... 33
Vertekeningen ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Zelfbeeld en self-serving bias ............................................................................................................ 34
Beperkte rationaliteit en heuristieken .............................................................................................. 34
Valse consensuseffect ....................................................................................................................... 35
Basisfrequentievalstrik en tegenfeitelijk denken .............................................................................. 35
Fundamentele attributiefout ............................................................................................................ 36
Actor-observator verschil .................................................................................................................. 37
Zelfvervullende voorspelling – self-fulfilling prophecy ..................................................................... 37
Hoe kan je attributies linken aan het werkveld?................................................................................... 38
3. Sociale beïnvloeding
Conformisme of meerderheidsinvloed ................................................................................................. 39
Sherif en het autokinetische effect ................................................................................................... 39
Jacobs & Campbell en het verdwijnen van de beïnvloedingsbron ................................................... 40
Festinger en de socialevergelijkingstheorie ...................................................................................... 40
Lijnexperiment van Asch ................................................................................................................... 41
Informatieve en normatieve beïnvloeding........................................................................................ 41
Beïnvloedende factoren .................................................................................................................... 43
Voor- en nadelen van conformeren voor ortho-agogisch werkveld ................................................. 43
Innovatie of minderheidsinvloed .......................................................................................................... 44
Moscovici en kleurendia’s ................................................................................................................. 44
Proefopzet Asch VS Moscovici ...................................................................................................... 45
Beïnvloedende factoren .................................................................................................................... 45
Gehoorzaamheid en autoriteit .............................................................................................................. 46
Milgram en elektroshocks ................................................................................................................. 47
Gevangenis experiment van Zimbardo – Stanford Gevangenisexperiment ..................................... 49
Gevolgen van deze experimenten ..................................................................................................... 49
Ethisch ............................................................................................................................................... 50
Sociale facilitatie en belemmering ........................................................................................................ 51
Evaluatie verwachten ........................................................................................................................ 52
Aandachtsverdeling ........................................................................................................................... 52
Sociaal meeliften ................................................................................................................................... 52
Ringelmann-effect ............................................................................................................................. 53
Ongelijkheidsaversie ......................................................................................................................... 53
2
, Femke Peeters
1A3.1/1A3.2
Counteren .......................................................................................................................................... 54
4. Hulpverlenen
Altruïsme? ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Wederkerig altruïsme ............................................................................................................................ 55
Kosten-batenanalyse ......................................................................................................................... 55
Ultimatum game................................................................................................................................ 55
Prisoner’s game ................................................................................................................................. 56
Empathie – LEZEN P126-134 ................................................................................................................. 56
Stappenmodel ....................................................................................................................................... 56
STAP 1: Opmerken dat er iets gebeurd ............................................................................................. 57
STAP 2: De gebeurtenis als een noodsituatie interpreteren ............................................................. 57
STAP 3: Verantwoordelijkheid nemen om te helpen ........................................................................ 58
STAP 4: Beslissen hoe men zal helpen .............................................................................................. 58
STAP 5: Actie ondernemen – hulp bieden ......................................................................................... 59
Beïnvloedende factoren ........................................................................................................................ 59
Situationele factoren ......................................................................................................................... 59
Persoonsgebonden factoren ............................................................................................................. 61
Motivationele factoren ..................................................................................................................... 62
Altruïsme of egoïsme? ................................................................................................................... 63
Interpersoonlijke factoren................................................................................................................. 64
5. In groep
Sociale categorisatie .............................................................................................................................. 65
Accentuation effect ............................................................................................................................... 66
Assumed similarity effect ...................................................................................................................... 67
Minimal group-paradigma................................................................................................................. 67
Outgroup homogeneity effect............................................................................................................... 67
De-individuatie .................................................................................................................................. 68
Oorzaken voor homogeneity effect .................................................................................................. 68
Ontmoeten .................................................................................................................................... 68
Abstraction-based versus instance-based ..................................................................................... 69
Homogene minderheid ................................................................................................................. 69
Ingroup-favoritisme-effect .................................................................................................................... 69
Verklaringen ...................................................................................................................................... 71
Valkuilen ................................................................................................................................................ 72
Groupthink ........................................................................................................................................ 72
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