ENERGIE EN METABOLISME
Cel III
2025-2026
Tandheelkunde
,Table of Contents
METABOLISME.................................................................................................................. 4
ATP ALS ENERGIEDRAGER........................................................................................................................... 5
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Fysiologische.................................................................................................................................... 6
Koppeling van reacties...................................................................................................................... 6
ATP als energiedrager....................................................................................................................... 7
ANDERE ENERGIERIJKE VERBINDINGEN............................................................................................................ 7
Enolfosfaten...................................................................................................................................... 8
Acylfosfaten...................................................................................................................................... 8
Fosfoguanidinen............................................................................................................................... 8
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................... 8
ENERGIESTATUS V/D CEL............................................................................................................................. 9
BIOCHEMISCHE OXIDATIE & REDUCTIE (REDOX)..............................................................................................10
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Biochemische elektronendragers/co-enzymen................................................................................10
Co-enzym A CoA als universele drager van acylgroepen................................................................12
Componenten betrokken in groep-transfer reacties........................................................................12
Water-oplosbare vitaminen co-enzymen........................................................................................ 13
GLYCOLYSE..................................................................................................................... 14
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 14
OVERZICHT V SLEUTELMOLECULEN & REACTIES..............................................................................................15
CENTRALE POSITIE VAN PYRUVAAT............................................................................................................... 17
Van pyruvaat naar ethanol.............................................................................................................. 18
Van pyruvaat naar lactaat............................................................................................................... 18
Van pyruvaat naar CoA................................................................................................................... 19
GEBRUIK VAN ANDERE SUIKERS IN DE GLYCOLYSE........................................................................................... 20
Fructose.......................................................................................................................................... 20
Galactose...................................................................................................................................... 21
CITROENZUUR-/KREB-CYCLUS..........................................................................................22
REACTIES V/D CITROENZUURCYCLUS............................................................................................................ 22
CITROENZUURCYCLUS EN BIOSYNTHESE........................................................................................................ 24
CONTROLE IN DE KREBSCYCLUS ................................................................................................................ 25
LOKALISATIE KREB-CYCLUS......................................................................................................................... 26
OXIDATIEVE FOSFORYLERING..........................................................................................27
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 27
KENMERKEN OXIDATIEVE FOSFORYLATIE ....................................................................................................... 27
RESPIRATORISCHE KETEN........................................................................................................................... 28
SUPEROXIDE........................................................................................................................................... 30
ELEKTRONENTRANSPORT EN PROTONENDISLOCATIE......................................................................................... 31
ATP-SYNTHESE DR PROTONENSTROOM......................................................................................................... 31
ONTKOPPELING V/D OXIDATIE & H+-GRADIËNT...............................................................................................33
CONTROLE OP DE RESPIRATORISCHE KETEN................................................................................................... 33
Verschil tussen NADH- & FADH2-elektronen die binnentreden in respiratorische keten..................33
Resultaat oxidatie glucose tot ATP ................................................................................................. 34
ATP-ADP TRANSLOCASE........................................................................................................................... 35
CONTROLE V/D OXIDATIEVE FOSFORYLERING.................................................................................................. 35
CYTOCHROOM P450................................................................................................................................ 35
BACTERIEEL ELEKTRONENTRANSPORT........................................................................................................... 35
1
,PENTOSEFOSFAAT ROUTE................................................................................................ 37
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 37
REACTIES V/D PENTOSE-FOSFAAT ROUTE....................................................................................................... 37
Oxidatieve tak................................................................................................................................ 37
Niet-oxidatieve tak (geen redox).................................................................................................... 38
CONTROLE V/D PENTOSE-FOSFAAT ROUTE..................................................................................................... 39
GLUCOSE-6-FOSFAATDEHYDROGENASE-DEFICIËNTIE/FAVISME.............................................................................40
GLUCONEOGENESE.......................................................................................................... 41
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 41
REACTIES VAN GLUCONEOGENESE............................................................................................................... 42
REGELING GLYCOLYSE EN GLUCONEOGENESE.................................................................................................42
REGELING GLYCOLYSE, GLUCONEOGENESE & VETZUUR-METABOLISME..................................................................43
CORI-CYCLUS.......................................................................................................................................... 43
GLYCOGEEN METABOLISME..............................................................................................44
GLYCOGEENAFBRAAK................................................................................................................................ 45
GLYCOGEENSYNTHESE............................................................................................................................... 46
CONTROLE GLYCOGEEN METABOLISME DR HORMONEN (1)................................................................................47
Insuline........................................................................................................................................... 47
Glucagon........................................................................................................................................ 47
Epinefrine/adrenaline...................................................................................................................... 47
CONTROLE GLYCOGEEN METABOLISME DR ADRENALINE FOSFORYLERINGSCASCADE (2)............................................48
CONTROLE V/H FOSFORYLASE (FIGUREN)...................................................................................................... 48
Leverfosforylase............................................................................................................................. 49
Spierfosforylase.............................................................................................................................. 49
GLYCOGEEN STAPELINGSZIEKTEN................................................................................................................. 50
AMINOZUUR METABOLISME............................................................................................. 51
INLEIDING: BELANG V/H AZMETABOLISME..................................................................................................... 51
EW als bron v AZ............................................................................................................................. 51
Stikstofbalans................................................................................................................................. 51
BIOSYNTHESE V AZ................................................................................................................................. 52
Oorsprong van -NH2-groep.............................................................................................................. 52
Koolstofskelet................................................................................................................................. 52
Synthese door éénstapsreactie....................................................................................................... 52
Glutamaat als precursor voor proline & arginine............................................................................53
Synthese van serine....................................................................................................................... 53
DRAGERS V 1-KOOLSTOFEENHEDEN............................................................................................................. 53
Tetrahydrofolaat............................................................................................................................. 53
S-adenosyl-methionine & de geactiveerde methylcyclus................................................................54
BIOSYNTHESE CYSTEÏNE............................................................................................................................ 55
SAMENVATTING BIOSYNTHESE V NIET-ESSENTIËLE AZ......................................................................................55
KATABOLISME AZ.................................................................................................................................... 55
Transaminering............................................................................................................................... 55
Oxidatieve desaminering van Glu................................................................................................... 56
Desaminering van serine & threonine............................................................................................. 56
UREUMCYCLUS (IN LEVER)......................................................................................................................... 57
Erfelijke aandoeningen & de ureumcyclus......................................................................................58
AFBRAAK ALFA-KETOZUREN........................................................................................................................ 58
Afbraak 3C...................................................................................................................................... 58
Afbraak 4C...................................................................................................................................... 58
Afbraak 5C...................................................................................................................................... 59
Afbraak vertakte AZ-zijketens......................................................................................................... 59
STOFWISSELINGSZIEKTEN.......................................................................................................................... 59
2
, AZ ALS PRECURSOREN VAN BELANGRIJKE BIOMOLECULEN (GEEN EW)................................................................59
NUCLEÏNEZUUR METABOLISME........................................................................................61
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 61
BIOSYNTHESE VAN PURINERING................................................................................................................... 62
MODIFICATIE VAN IMP TOT AMP OF GMP.................................................................................................... 63
SALVAGE-SYSTEEM................................................................................................................................... 63
BIOSYNTHESE VAN PYRIMIDINERING............................................................................................................. 64
NUCLEOSIDEMONO-, DI- EN TRIFOSFATEN...................................................................................................... 65
SYNTHESE VAN DEOXYTHYMIDYLAAT............................................................................................................. 65
SAMENVATTING....................................................................................................................................... 65
ANTI-TUMOR DRUGS INHIBEREN NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESE...................................................................................66
Directe inhibitie van thymidylaat synthase: 5-fluoro-uracil.............................................................66
Indirecte inhibitie van thymidylaat synthase..................................................................................66
AZT: van anti-tumor drug tot HIV-remmer (vandaag niet meer)......................................................67
DEGRADATIE V NUCLEOTIDEN..................................................................................................................... 67
Afbraak purine nucleotiden (=AMP, GMP).......................................................................................67
Afbraak pyrimidine nucleotiden...................................................................................................... 68
NAD, FAD EN COA................................................................................................................................. 68
LIPIDEN.......................................................................................................................... 69
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 69
Chemische structuur & eigenschappen v vetzuren en acylglycerolen............................................69
VETZUURSYNTHESE.................................................................................................................................. 72
Regeling vetzuur-synthese.............................................................................................................. 74
Gevarieerd vetzuren-bestand......................................................................................................... 74
STOCKEREN VAN VETZUREN ALS TRIACYLGLYCEROLEN TAG...............................................................................75
AFBRAAK VAN TAG.................................................................................................................................. 76
GEBRUIK VAN VETZUREN VOOR ENERGIE-PRODUCTIE.......................................................................................77
Regulatie v vetzuur-oxidatie........................................................................................................... 79
Bestemming gevormde acetyl-CoA................................................................................................. 80
KETONLICHAMEN..................................................................................................................................... 80
Vorming acetoacetaat..................................................................................................................... 80
Vorming -hydroxybutyraat.............................................................................................................. 81
Vorming aceton............................................................................................................................... 81
Metabolisme van ketonlichamen in perifere weefsels.....................................................................81
Regulatie ketogenese..................................................................................................................... 82
CHOLESTEROL......................................................................................................................................... 82
Regulatie van cholesterolconcentratie............................................................................................ 84
GALZUREN............................................................................................................................................. 84
3
Cel III
2025-2026
Tandheelkunde
,Table of Contents
METABOLISME.................................................................................................................. 4
ATP ALS ENERGIEDRAGER........................................................................................................................... 5
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Fysiologische.................................................................................................................................... 6
Koppeling van reacties...................................................................................................................... 6
ATP als energiedrager....................................................................................................................... 7
ANDERE ENERGIERIJKE VERBINDINGEN............................................................................................................ 7
Enolfosfaten...................................................................................................................................... 8
Acylfosfaten...................................................................................................................................... 8
Fosfoguanidinen............................................................................................................................... 8
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................... 8
ENERGIESTATUS V/D CEL............................................................................................................................. 9
BIOCHEMISCHE OXIDATIE & REDUCTIE (REDOX)..............................................................................................10
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Biochemische elektronendragers/co-enzymen................................................................................10
Co-enzym A CoA als universele drager van acylgroepen................................................................12
Componenten betrokken in groep-transfer reacties........................................................................12
Water-oplosbare vitaminen co-enzymen........................................................................................ 13
GLYCOLYSE..................................................................................................................... 14
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 14
OVERZICHT V SLEUTELMOLECULEN & REACTIES..............................................................................................15
CENTRALE POSITIE VAN PYRUVAAT............................................................................................................... 17
Van pyruvaat naar ethanol.............................................................................................................. 18
Van pyruvaat naar lactaat............................................................................................................... 18
Van pyruvaat naar CoA................................................................................................................... 19
GEBRUIK VAN ANDERE SUIKERS IN DE GLYCOLYSE........................................................................................... 20
Fructose.......................................................................................................................................... 20
Galactose...................................................................................................................................... 21
CITROENZUUR-/KREB-CYCLUS..........................................................................................22
REACTIES V/D CITROENZUURCYCLUS............................................................................................................ 22
CITROENZUURCYCLUS EN BIOSYNTHESE........................................................................................................ 24
CONTROLE IN DE KREBSCYCLUS ................................................................................................................ 25
LOKALISATIE KREB-CYCLUS......................................................................................................................... 26
OXIDATIEVE FOSFORYLERING..........................................................................................27
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 27
KENMERKEN OXIDATIEVE FOSFORYLATIE ....................................................................................................... 27
RESPIRATORISCHE KETEN........................................................................................................................... 28
SUPEROXIDE........................................................................................................................................... 30
ELEKTRONENTRANSPORT EN PROTONENDISLOCATIE......................................................................................... 31
ATP-SYNTHESE DR PROTONENSTROOM......................................................................................................... 31
ONTKOPPELING V/D OXIDATIE & H+-GRADIËNT...............................................................................................33
CONTROLE OP DE RESPIRATORISCHE KETEN................................................................................................... 33
Verschil tussen NADH- & FADH2-elektronen die binnentreden in respiratorische keten..................33
Resultaat oxidatie glucose tot ATP ................................................................................................. 34
ATP-ADP TRANSLOCASE........................................................................................................................... 35
CONTROLE V/D OXIDATIEVE FOSFORYLERING.................................................................................................. 35
CYTOCHROOM P450................................................................................................................................ 35
BACTERIEEL ELEKTRONENTRANSPORT........................................................................................................... 35
1
,PENTOSEFOSFAAT ROUTE................................................................................................ 37
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 37
REACTIES V/D PENTOSE-FOSFAAT ROUTE....................................................................................................... 37
Oxidatieve tak................................................................................................................................ 37
Niet-oxidatieve tak (geen redox).................................................................................................... 38
CONTROLE V/D PENTOSE-FOSFAAT ROUTE..................................................................................................... 39
GLUCOSE-6-FOSFAATDEHYDROGENASE-DEFICIËNTIE/FAVISME.............................................................................40
GLUCONEOGENESE.......................................................................................................... 41
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 41
REACTIES VAN GLUCONEOGENESE............................................................................................................... 42
REGELING GLYCOLYSE EN GLUCONEOGENESE.................................................................................................42
REGELING GLYCOLYSE, GLUCONEOGENESE & VETZUUR-METABOLISME..................................................................43
CORI-CYCLUS.......................................................................................................................................... 43
GLYCOGEEN METABOLISME..............................................................................................44
GLYCOGEENAFBRAAK................................................................................................................................ 45
GLYCOGEENSYNTHESE............................................................................................................................... 46
CONTROLE GLYCOGEEN METABOLISME DR HORMONEN (1)................................................................................47
Insuline........................................................................................................................................... 47
Glucagon........................................................................................................................................ 47
Epinefrine/adrenaline...................................................................................................................... 47
CONTROLE GLYCOGEEN METABOLISME DR ADRENALINE FOSFORYLERINGSCASCADE (2)............................................48
CONTROLE V/H FOSFORYLASE (FIGUREN)...................................................................................................... 48
Leverfosforylase............................................................................................................................. 49
Spierfosforylase.............................................................................................................................. 49
GLYCOGEEN STAPELINGSZIEKTEN................................................................................................................. 50
AMINOZUUR METABOLISME............................................................................................. 51
INLEIDING: BELANG V/H AZMETABOLISME..................................................................................................... 51
EW als bron v AZ............................................................................................................................. 51
Stikstofbalans................................................................................................................................. 51
BIOSYNTHESE V AZ................................................................................................................................. 52
Oorsprong van -NH2-groep.............................................................................................................. 52
Koolstofskelet................................................................................................................................. 52
Synthese door éénstapsreactie....................................................................................................... 52
Glutamaat als precursor voor proline & arginine............................................................................53
Synthese van serine....................................................................................................................... 53
DRAGERS V 1-KOOLSTOFEENHEDEN............................................................................................................. 53
Tetrahydrofolaat............................................................................................................................. 53
S-adenosyl-methionine & de geactiveerde methylcyclus................................................................54
BIOSYNTHESE CYSTEÏNE............................................................................................................................ 55
SAMENVATTING BIOSYNTHESE V NIET-ESSENTIËLE AZ......................................................................................55
KATABOLISME AZ.................................................................................................................................... 55
Transaminering............................................................................................................................... 55
Oxidatieve desaminering van Glu................................................................................................... 56
Desaminering van serine & threonine............................................................................................. 56
UREUMCYCLUS (IN LEVER)......................................................................................................................... 57
Erfelijke aandoeningen & de ureumcyclus......................................................................................58
AFBRAAK ALFA-KETOZUREN........................................................................................................................ 58
Afbraak 3C...................................................................................................................................... 58
Afbraak 4C...................................................................................................................................... 58
Afbraak 5C...................................................................................................................................... 59
Afbraak vertakte AZ-zijketens......................................................................................................... 59
STOFWISSELINGSZIEKTEN.......................................................................................................................... 59
2
, AZ ALS PRECURSOREN VAN BELANGRIJKE BIOMOLECULEN (GEEN EW)................................................................59
NUCLEÏNEZUUR METABOLISME........................................................................................61
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 61
BIOSYNTHESE VAN PURINERING................................................................................................................... 62
MODIFICATIE VAN IMP TOT AMP OF GMP.................................................................................................... 63
SALVAGE-SYSTEEM................................................................................................................................... 63
BIOSYNTHESE VAN PYRIMIDINERING............................................................................................................. 64
NUCLEOSIDEMONO-, DI- EN TRIFOSFATEN...................................................................................................... 65
SYNTHESE VAN DEOXYTHYMIDYLAAT............................................................................................................. 65
SAMENVATTING....................................................................................................................................... 65
ANTI-TUMOR DRUGS INHIBEREN NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESE...................................................................................66
Directe inhibitie van thymidylaat synthase: 5-fluoro-uracil.............................................................66
Indirecte inhibitie van thymidylaat synthase..................................................................................66
AZT: van anti-tumor drug tot HIV-remmer (vandaag niet meer)......................................................67
DEGRADATIE V NUCLEOTIDEN..................................................................................................................... 67
Afbraak purine nucleotiden (=AMP, GMP).......................................................................................67
Afbraak pyrimidine nucleotiden...................................................................................................... 68
NAD, FAD EN COA................................................................................................................................. 68
LIPIDEN.......................................................................................................................... 69
INLEIDING.............................................................................................................................................. 69
Chemische structuur & eigenschappen v vetzuren en acylglycerolen............................................69
VETZUURSYNTHESE.................................................................................................................................. 72
Regeling vetzuur-synthese.............................................................................................................. 74
Gevarieerd vetzuren-bestand......................................................................................................... 74
STOCKEREN VAN VETZUREN ALS TRIACYLGLYCEROLEN TAG...............................................................................75
AFBRAAK VAN TAG.................................................................................................................................. 76
GEBRUIK VAN VETZUREN VOOR ENERGIE-PRODUCTIE.......................................................................................77
Regulatie v vetzuur-oxidatie........................................................................................................... 79
Bestemming gevormde acetyl-CoA................................................................................................. 80
KETONLICHAMEN..................................................................................................................................... 80
Vorming acetoacetaat..................................................................................................................... 80
Vorming -hydroxybutyraat.............................................................................................................. 81
Vorming aceton............................................................................................................................... 81
Metabolisme van ketonlichamen in perifere weefsels.....................................................................81
Regulatie ketogenese..................................................................................................................... 82
CHOLESTEROL......................................................................................................................................... 82
Regulatie van cholesterolconcentratie............................................................................................ 84
GALZUREN............................................................................................................................................. 84
3
