European & international justice, home affairs and security policy
Chapter 1. Introduction to European JHA integration.............................................8
1.1. JHA policy areas........................................................................................... 8
1.2. Principal JHA cooperation levels...................................................................9
1.3 Council of Europe........................................................................................ 10
1.3.1. Development & mandate....................................................................10
1.3.2. Judicial cooperation............................................................................. 10
1.3.3. Crime & criminal policy.......................................................................11
1.4. EC/EU institutional framework...................................................................11
1.5. European Economic Community................................................................14
Chapter 2. Schengen........................................................................................... 14
2.1. Background: CoE + EC/EU integration history...........................................15
2.1.1. Link with the European Union..............................................................16
2.1.2. Geographic enlargement.....................................................................17
2.2. Original agreements.................................................................................. 18
2.3. Relationship Schengen – EC states............................................................23
2.4. Post-Amsterdam development...................................................................28
2.5. Crises, challenges, resilience.....................................................................29
Chapter 3: EPC & Maastricht................................................................................ 34
3.1. European Political Co-operation.................................................................34
3.1.1. Several areas of policy........................................................................34
3.2. TEU Maastricht........................................................................................... 40
3.2.1. Three pillars......................................................................................... 40
3.2.2. JHA areas............................................................................................. 41
3.2.2.1. Visual support from EC/EPC to EU (Maastricht).............................42
3.2.3. Decision-making..................................................................................43
3.2.4. Legal instruments................................................................................ 44
Chapter 4: Amsterdam, Nice, Constitutional and Lisbon Treaties........................45
1
, 4.1. TEU: post-Amsterdam................................................................................45
4.1.1. Main changes...................................................................................... 45
4.1.1.1. Visual support: from Maastricht to Amsterdam.............................45
4.1.2. Decision-making..................................................................................46
4.1.3. Legal instruments................................................................................ 47
4.1.4. AFSJ: closer cooperation......................................................................49
4.1.5. Police cooperation...............................................................................50
4.1.6. Judicial co-operation............................................................................51
4.1.7. New intergovernmental conference.....................................................51
4.2. TEU: post-Nice........................................................................................... 52
4.2.1. Nice Treaty........................................................................................... 52
4.3. European Constitution............................................................................... 53
4.3.1. Renewal of the founding treaties.........................................................53
4.3.2. Decision-making procedure.................................................................55
4.3.3. Legal instruments................................................................................ 56
4.3.1. Visual support: from Amsterdam/Nice to Lisbon..................................57
4.4. EU: post-Lisbon.......................................................................................... 57
4.4.1. General changes.................................................................................. 57
4.4.2. Freedom, security and justice..............................................................58
Chapter 5: EU Institutions.................................................................................... 59
5.1. Institutions volgens boek...........................................................................59
5.1.1. European Council.................................................................................59
5.1.2. The Council of the European Union.....................................................59
5.1.3. European Commission.........................................................................62
5.1.4. European Parliament...........................................................................65
5.1.5. The Court of Justice of the EU..............................................................68
5.2. European Union: Institutions......................................................................71
5.2.1. Tampere............................................................................................... 72
5.2.2. The Hague........................................................................................... 72
2
, 5.2.3. Stockholm............................................................................................ 73
5.2.4. 2020.................................................................................................... 73
Chapter 6: EU JHA Policies................................................................................... 78
6.1. Policies....................................................................................................... 78
6.1.1. Market................................................................................................. 78
6.1.2. Intra and immigration..........................................................................79
6.1.2.1. Intra-migration.............................................................................. 79
6.1.2.1.1. Intra-migration: posting of workers...............................81
6.1.2.3. Legal immigration.........................................................................83
6.1.2.4. Immigration into the EU................................................................85
6.1.2.5. Illegal immigration (smuggling, unauthorised entry, transit, stay) 90
6.1.3. Common European Asylum System.....................................................92
6.1.3.1. Development.................................................................................93
6.1.3.2. CEAS.............................................................................................. 94
6.1.3.3. Pact on Migration & Asylum...........................................................98
6.1.4. Judicial cooperation............................................................................. 99
6.1.4.1. Horizontal cooperation..................................................................99
6.1.4.2. Vertical cooperation.....................................................................109
6.1.5. Police and customs cooperation........................................................112
6.1.5.1. Horizontal cooperation................................................................112
6.1.5.2. Vertical cooperation.....................................................................114
Chapter 7: EU Foreign and Security Policy.........................................................118
7.1. Brussels Treaty (1948)............................................................................. 118
7.2. NATO Treaty (1949).................................................................................. 119
7.3. European Defence Community (1952).....................................................119
7.4. Paris Agreement (1954)...........................................................................120
7.5. Davignon Report (1970)..........................................................................121
7.6. Copenhagen Report (1973)......................................................................121
7.7. Stuttgart declaration (1983)....................................................................122
3
, 7.8. Maastricht Treaty (1992)..........................................................................122
7.9. Western European Union Petersberg tasks (1993)...................................123
7.10. Amsterdam Treaty (1997)......................................................................124
7.11. Chirac & Blair (1998).............................................................................124
7.12. Laeken declaration (2001).....................................................................125
7.13. Nice Treaty (2001)................................................................................. 125
7.14. Thessaloniki EC (2003)..........................................................................126
7.15. Eurogendfor (2006)...............................................................................126
7.16. Lisbon Treaty (2007).............................................................................. 127
7.17. EEAS (2011)........................................................................................... 128
7.17.1. EU Peace, Security and Defence......................................................129
7.17.2. Human rights and Democracy.........................................................130
7.17.3. EU Sanctions....................................................................................130
7.17.3.1. Restrictive measures: arms embargoes....................................130
7.18. Global Strategy (2016)..........................................................................131
7.19. Strategic Compass (2022).....................................................................131
7.20. Rearm Europe (2025)............................................................................. 132
Chapter 8: NATO................................................................................................ 133
8.1. Historical development............................................................................133
8.1.1. From alliance to Treaty Organisation.................................................133
8.1.1.1.Development of NATO..................................................................133
8.1.1.2. Collective defence.......................................................................135
8.1.1.3. Crisis management.....................................................................138
8.1.1.4. Cooperative security...................................................................139
8.1.1.5. Strategic Concept 2022...............................................................141
8.1.1.6. NATO-RUSSIA............................................................................... 142
8.1.1.9. Collective defence: back to phase 1?..........................................144
8.2. Institutions............................................................................................... 144
8.2.1. Secretary-General............................................................................. 144
4
Chapter 1. Introduction to European JHA integration.............................................8
1.1. JHA policy areas........................................................................................... 8
1.2. Principal JHA cooperation levels...................................................................9
1.3 Council of Europe........................................................................................ 10
1.3.1. Development & mandate....................................................................10
1.3.2. Judicial cooperation............................................................................. 10
1.3.3. Crime & criminal policy.......................................................................11
1.4. EC/EU institutional framework...................................................................11
1.5. European Economic Community................................................................14
Chapter 2. Schengen........................................................................................... 14
2.1. Background: CoE + EC/EU integration history...........................................15
2.1.1. Link with the European Union..............................................................16
2.1.2. Geographic enlargement.....................................................................17
2.2. Original agreements.................................................................................. 18
2.3. Relationship Schengen – EC states............................................................23
2.4. Post-Amsterdam development...................................................................28
2.5. Crises, challenges, resilience.....................................................................29
Chapter 3: EPC & Maastricht................................................................................ 34
3.1. European Political Co-operation.................................................................34
3.1.1. Several areas of policy........................................................................34
3.2. TEU Maastricht........................................................................................... 40
3.2.1. Three pillars......................................................................................... 40
3.2.2. JHA areas............................................................................................. 41
3.2.2.1. Visual support from EC/EPC to EU (Maastricht).............................42
3.2.3. Decision-making..................................................................................43
3.2.4. Legal instruments................................................................................ 44
Chapter 4: Amsterdam, Nice, Constitutional and Lisbon Treaties........................45
1
, 4.1. TEU: post-Amsterdam................................................................................45
4.1.1. Main changes...................................................................................... 45
4.1.1.1. Visual support: from Maastricht to Amsterdam.............................45
4.1.2. Decision-making..................................................................................46
4.1.3. Legal instruments................................................................................ 47
4.1.4. AFSJ: closer cooperation......................................................................49
4.1.5. Police cooperation...............................................................................50
4.1.6. Judicial co-operation............................................................................51
4.1.7. New intergovernmental conference.....................................................51
4.2. TEU: post-Nice........................................................................................... 52
4.2.1. Nice Treaty........................................................................................... 52
4.3. European Constitution............................................................................... 53
4.3.1. Renewal of the founding treaties.........................................................53
4.3.2. Decision-making procedure.................................................................55
4.3.3. Legal instruments................................................................................ 56
4.3.1. Visual support: from Amsterdam/Nice to Lisbon..................................57
4.4. EU: post-Lisbon.......................................................................................... 57
4.4.1. General changes.................................................................................. 57
4.4.2. Freedom, security and justice..............................................................58
Chapter 5: EU Institutions.................................................................................... 59
5.1. Institutions volgens boek...........................................................................59
5.1.1. European Council.................................................................................59
5.1.2. The Council of the European Union.....................................................59
5.1.3. European Commission.........................................................................62
5.1.4. European Parliament...........................................................................65
5.1.5. The Court of Justice of the EU..............................................................68
5.2. European Union: Institutions......................................................................71
5.2.1. Tampere............................................................................................... 72
5.2.2. The Hague........................................................................................... 72
2
, 5.2.3. Stockholm............................................................................................ 73
5.2.4. 2020.................................................................................................... 73
Chapter 6: EU JHA Policies................................................................................... 78
6.1. Policies....................................................................................................... 78
6.1.1. Market................................................................................................. 78
6.1.2. Intra and immigration..........................................................................79
6.1.2.1. Intra-migration.............................................................................. 79
6.1.2.1.1. Intra-migration: posting of workers...............................81
6.1.2.3. Legal immigration.........................................................................83
6.1.2.4. Immigration into the EU................................................................85
6.1.2.5. Illegal immigration (smuggling, unauthorised entry, transit, stay) 90
6.1.3. Common European Asylum System.....................................................92
6.1.3.1. Development.................................................................................93
6.1.3.2. CEAS.............................................................................................. 94
6.1.3.3. Pact on Migration & Asylum...........................................................98
6.1.4. Judicial cooperation............................................................................. 99
6.1.4.1. Horizontal cooperation..................................................................99
6.1.4.2. Vertical cooperation.....................................................................109
6.1.5. Police and customs cooperation........................................................112
6.1.5.1. Horizontal cooperation................................................................112
6.1.5.2. Vertical cooperation.....................................................................114
Chapter 7: EU Foreign and Security Policy.........................................................118
7.1. Brussels Treaty (1948)............................................................................. 118
7.2. NATO Treaty (1949).................................................................................. 119
7.3. European Defence Community (1952).....................................................119
7.4. Paris Agreement (1954)...........................................................................120
7.5. Davignon Report (1970)..........................................................................121
7.6. Copenhagen Report (1973)......................................................................121
7.7. Stuttgart declaration (1983)....................................................................122
3
, 7.8. Maastricht Treaty (1992)..........................................................................122
7.9. Western European Union Petersberg tasks (1993)...................................123
7.10. Amsterdam Treaty (1997)......................................................................124
7.11. Chirac & Blair (1998).............................................................................124
7.12. Laeken declaration (2001).....................................................................125
7.13. Nice Treaty (2001)................................................................................. 125
7.14. Thessaloniki EC (2003)..........................................................................126
7.15. Eurogendfor (2006)...............................................................................126
7.16. Lisbon Treaty (2007).............................................................................. 127
7.17. EEAS (2011)........................................................................................... 128
7.17.1. EU Peace, Security and Defence......................................................129
7.17.2. Human rights and Democracy.........................................................130
7.17.3. EU Sanctions....................................................................................130
7.17.3.1. Restrictive measures: arms embargoes....................................130
7.18. Global Strategy (2016)..........................................................................131
7.19. Strategic Compass (2022).....................................................................131
7.20. Rearm Europe (2025)............................................................................. 132
Chapter 8: NATO................................................................................................ 133
8.1. Historical development............................................................................133
8.1.1. From alliance to Treaty Organisation.................................................133
8.1.1.1.Development of NATO..................................................................133
8.1.1.2. Collective defence.......................................................................135
8.1.1.3. Crisis management.....................................................................138
8.1.1.4. Cooperative security...................................................................139
8.1.1.5. Strategic Concept 2022...............................................................141
8.1.1.6. NATO-RUSSIA............................................................................... 142
8.1.1.9. Collective defence: back to phase 1?..........................................144
8.2. Institutions............................................................................................... 144
8.2.1. Secretary-General............................................................................. 144
4
