Samenvatting journalistiek en democratie
Samenvatting journalistiek en democratie.............................................................................................1
11 februari – Les 1..............................................................................................................................6
18 februari – Les 2..............................................................................................................................6
Journalistiek en democratie............................................................................................................7
Wat is de democratie?................................................................................................................7
25 februari – Les 3..............................................................................................................................7
Representatieve versus directe democratie...................................................................................7
Representatieve democratie als bestuursvorm..........................................................................8
Representatieve democratie als verlicht ideaal..........................................................................8
Representatieve democratie binnen liberale gedachtengoed....................................................9
“Information is the currency of democracy”..............................................................................9
Parallel ontwikkeling van een systeem van journalistiek..........................................................10
Directe democratie...................................................................................................................10
4 maart – Les 4.................................................................................................................................11
4 hedendaagse modellen..............................................................................................................11
Het competitief elitair model....................................................................................................11
Het pluralistisch model.............................................................................................................11
Het legaal-democratisch model................................................................................................12
Het participatief-democratisch model......................................................................................12
Parallelle evoluties in de 4 hedendaagse modellen......................................................................13
Liberale democratie......................................................................................................................13
11 maart – Les 5...............................................................................................................................13
Waarmee zijn deze vormen historisch vervlochten in Europa?....................................................13
Met economisch (neo)liberalisme............................................................................................13
Met politieke partijen of de particratie.....................................................................................14
Met technocratie......................................................................................................................14
Met individualisering................................................................................................................15
Met culturele ontwikkelingen...................................................................................................15
Waarom journalistiek belangrijk is voor democratisch denken....................................................15
Journalistiek als bron van informatie........................................................................................15
Journalistiek als waakhond en de vierde macht.......................................................................15
Journalistiek als spreekbuis van het volk..................................................................................16
Journalistiek als advocaat van het volk.....................................................................................16
Maar er zijn ook kritische noten...............................................................................................16
1|Pagina
, Conclusie......................................................................................................................................16
18 maart – Les 6...............................................................................................................................16
5 stadia in de ontwikkeling van een journalistieke moraal...........................................................16
Stadium 1: vorming van een ethisch discours voor de journalistiek.........................................17
Stadium 2: ontwikkeling van een ‘ethiek van het volk’.............................................................17
Stadium 3: bestendiging van een liberale perstheorie.............................................................17
Stadium 4: bestendiging en contestatie van liberale doctrine..................................................19
Stadium 5: gemengde journalistieke ethiek..............................................................................20
25 maart – Les 7...............................................................................................................................20
4 hedendaagse normatieve theorieën over de functie van journalistiek in democratie...............20
Theorie 1: liberale theorie........................................................................................................20
Theorie 2: objectiviteit en sociale verantwoordelijkheidstheorie.............................................20
Theorie 3: interpretatieve en activistische theorie...................................................................21
Theorie 4: ethiek van gemeenschap en zorg............................................................................21
Journalistieke ethiek nu........................................................................................................21
Alternatieve modellen van journalistiek(e deontologie)..............................................................22
Public of civic journalism..........................................................................................................22
Community journalism.............................................................................................................22
Advocacy journalism.................................................................................................................23
New journalism.........................................................................................................................23
Human-interest journalism.......................................................................................................23
What’s next?.................................................................................................................................24
22 april – Les 8..................................................................................................................................24
Helpt de democratie de journalistiek?..........................................................................................24
In het politieke discours............................................................................................................24
In het journalistieke discours....................................................................................................25
Dus, helpt de democratie de journalistiek?..................................................................................25
Is de democratie een centraal doel in de journalistiek? Is journalistiek een voorvechter van
democratie?..............................................................................................................................25
Niet-centraliteit van democratie voor journalistiek......................................................................25
Geografisch: niet-Westerse visies op journalistiek...................................................................25
Historisch: vele veruitwendingen van journalistiek, niet altijd even trouw aan eigen principes
..................................................................................................................................................27
29 april – Les 9..................................................................................................................................27
Niet-centraliteit van democratie voor journalistiek......................................................................27
Politiek gezien: journalistiek zelden voortrekker van democratie............................................27
2|Pagina
, Cultureel gezien: rol journalistiek is anders of meer dan objectieve feiten geven...................28
Economisch gezien: journalistiek is commercieel gedreven.....................................................28
Geen houdbaarheidsdatum..........................................................................................................28
Leven na de ont-knoping…...........................................................................................................29
Gezonde ambitie...........................................................................................................................29
Wat kan journalistiek doen voor democratie...............................................................................30
Artikels – leerstof..............................................................................................................................31
Artikel 1: Press freedom and communication rights: What kind of journalism does democracy
need?............................................................................................................................................31
Market liberalism and elitist democracy...................................................................................31
‘Public sphere’ liberalism..........................................................................................................32
Radical democracy and the political economy critique.............................................................33
Implications of contending views of democracy: Structured pluralism....................................34
Press freedom in the US and the UK?.......................................................................................35
The sleeping watchdog/concentration of power......................................................................35
Failure to help constitute a democratic public sphere..............................................................36
Undermining community..........................................................................................................36
Community inequality..............................................................................................................37
Will the internet set journalism free?.......................................................................................37
Expanding press freedom through communication rights........................................................38
Development journalism..........................................................................................................39
Ethnic conflict...........................................................................................................................40
Artikel 2: Journalism Ethics...........................................................................................................42
Journalism Ethics......................................................................................................................42
Journalism Ethics as Applied.................................................................................................42
Problem Areas......................................................................................................................42
Main Approaches......................................................................................................................43
Liberal theory........................................................................................................................43
Objectivity and Social Responsibility.....................................................................................43
Interpretation and Activism..................................................................................................44
Community and Care............................................................................................................44
Critiques of Traditional Journalism Ethics.................................................................................45
Questioning Truth hand Objectivity......................................................................................45
Critical Theories of Media.....................................................................................................46
Conclusion: Into the Future......................................................................................................47
Artikel 3: On the shelf life of democracy in journalism scholarship..............................................48
3|Pagina
, The shelf life of ideas................................................................................................................48
Shelf life and the democracy/journalism nexus........................................................................49
How journalism became necessary for democracy...................................................................49
Why democracy is not central for journalism...........................................................................50
The immunity of democracy’s shelf life....................................................................................51
Conclusion................................................................................................................................52
Artikel 4: From Grand Narratives of Democracy to Small Expectations of Participation...............53
Introduction..............................................................................................................................53
The Grand Narratives of Journalism’s Role for Democracy in the Digital Age...........................53
Envisioning Participation in Digital Journalism..........................................................................55
The Participatory Individual and the Democratic Collective in Digital Journalism....................57
Artikel 5: Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.............................59
A Propaganda Model................................................................................................................59
1.1. Size, Ownership, and Profit Orientation of the Mass Media: The First Filter.....................59
1.2. The Advertising License to do Business: The Second Filter................................................60
1.3. Sourcing Mass-Media News: The Third Filter.....................................................................61
1.4. Flak and the Enforcers: The Fourth Filter...........................................................................63
1.5. Anticommunism as a Control Mechanism.........................................................................63
Artikel 6: The Shifting Cross-Media News Landscape...................................................................64
Introduction..............................................................................................................................64
Constellations and Typologies of Media Use............................................................................64
“Doing Citizenship”: The “Cultural Turn” Towards the Microdynamics of Democracy.............64
Determinants of News Consumption: Perceived Worthwhileness...........................................65
Exploring Worthwhileness: Complementarities of Fieldwork...................................................66
Mapping Cross-media Landscapes of News Worthwhileness...................................................66
Worthwhileness: From Map to Typology..................................................................................67
Tracking Changing News Media Preferences: The Value for News Producers..........................67
Artikel 7: The One Thing Journalism Just Might do for Democracy..............................................68
Introduction..............................................................................................................................68
Counter-factual Idealism and Journalism Studies.....................................................................69
Liberal Optimism as a Non-ideal Normative Theory.................................................................69
Democratic Realism in Journalism Studies................................................................................70
Conclusion................................................................................................................................72
Artikel 8: Journalism as a Human Right: The Cultural Approach to Journalism............................73
The cultural approach to journalism.........................................................................................73
Journalism as a human right.....................................................................................................74
4|Pagina
Samenvatting journalistiek en democratie.............................................................................................1
11 februari – Les 1..............................................................................................................................6
18 februari – Les 2..............................................................................................................................6
Journalistiek en democratie............................................................................................................7
Wat is de democratie?................................................................................................................7
25 februari – Les 3..............................................................................................................................7
Representatieve versus directe democratie...................................................................................7
Representatieve democratie als bestuursvorm..........................................................................8
Representatieve democratie als verlicht ideaal..........................................................................8
Representatieve democratie binnen liberale gedachtengoed....................................................9
“Information is the currency of democracy”..............................................................................9
Parallel ontwikkeling van een systeem van journalistiek..........................................................10
Directe democratie...................................................................................................................10
4 maart – Les 4.................................................................................................................................11
4 hedendaagse modellen..............................................................................................................11
Het competitief elitair model....................................................................................................11
Het pluralistisch model.............................................................................................................11
Het legaal-democratisch model................................................................................................12
Het participatief-democratisch model......................................................................................12
Parallelle evoluties in de 4 hedendaagse modellen......................................................................13
Liberale democratie......................................................................................................................13
11 maart – Les 5...............................................................................................................................13
Waarmee zijn deze vormen historisch vervlochten in Europa?....................................................13
Met economisch (neo)liberalisme............................................................................................13
Met politieke partijen of de particratie.....................................................................................14
Met technocratie......................................................................................................................14
Met individualisering................................................................................................................15
Met culturele ontwikkelingen...................................................................................................15
Waarom journalistiek belangrijk is voor democratisch denken....................................................15
Journalistiek als bron van informatie........................................................................................15
Journalistiek als waakhond en de vierde macht.......................................................................15
Journalistiek als spreekbuis van het volk..................................................................................16
Journalistiek als advocaat van het volk.....................................................................................16
Maar er zijn ook kritische noten...............................................................................................16
1|Pagina
, Conclusie......................................................................................................................................16
18 maart – Les 6...............................................................................................................................16
5 stadia in de ontwikkeling van een journalistieke moraal...........................................................16
Stadium 1: vorming van een ethisch discours voor de journalistiek.........................................17
Stadium 2: ontwikkeling van een ‘ethiek van het volk’.............................................................17
Stadium 3: bestendiging van een liberale perstheorie.............................................................17
Stadium 4: bestendiging en contestatie van liberale doctrine..................................................19
Stadium 5: gemengde journalistieke ethiek..............................................................................20
25 maart – Les 7...............................................................................................................................20
4 hedendaagse normatieve theorieën over de functie van journalistiek in democratie...............20
Theorie 1: liberale theorie........................................................................................................20
Theorie 2: objectiviteit en sociale verantwoordelijkheidstheorie.............................................20
Theorie 3: interpretatieve en activistische theorie...................................................................21
Theorie 4: ethiek van gemeenschap en zorg............................................................................21
Journalistieke ethiek nu........................................................................................................21
Alternatieve modellen van journalistiek(e deontologie)..............................................................22
Public of civic journalism..........................................................................................................22
Community journalism.............................................................................................................22
Advocacy journalism.................................................................................................................23
New journalism.........................................................................................................................23
Human-interest journalism.......................................................................................................23
What’s next?.................................................................................................................................24
22 april – Les 8..................................................................................................................................24
Helpt de democratie de journalistiek?..........................................................................................24
In het politieke discours............................................................................................................24
In het journalistieke discours....................................................................................................25
Dus, helpt de democratie de journalistiek?..................................................................................25
Is de democratie een centraal doel in de journalistiek? Is journalistiek een voorvechter van
democratie?..............................................................................................................................25
Niet-centraliteit van democratie voor journalistiek......................................................................25
Geografisch: niet-Westerse visies op journalistiek...................................................................25
Historisch: vele veruitwendingen van journalistiek, niet altijd even trouw aan eigen principes
..................................................................................................................................................27
29 april – Les 9..................................................................................................................................27
Niet-centraliteit van democratie voor journalistiek......................................................................27
Politiek gezien: journalistiek zelden voortrekker van democratie............................................27
2|Pagina
, Cultureel gezien: rol journalistiek is anders of meer dan objectieve feiten geven...................28
Economisch gezien: journalistiek is commercieel gedreven.....................................................28
Geen houdbaarheidsdatum..........................................................................................................28
Leven na de ont-knoping…...........................................................................................................29
Gezonde ambitie...........................................................................................................................29
Wat kan journalistiek doen voor democratie...............................................................................30
Artikels – leerstof..............................................................................................................................31
Artikel 1: Press freedom and communication rights: What kind of journalism does democracy
need?............................................................................................................................................31
Market liberalism and elitist democracy...................................................................................31
‘Public sphere’ liberalism..........................................................................................................32
Radical democracy and the political economy critique.............................................................33
Implications of contending views of democracy: Structured pluralism....................................34
Press freedom in the US and the UK?.......................................................................................35
The sleeping watchdog/concentration of power......................................................................35
Failure to help constitute a democratic public sphere..............................................................36
Undermining community..........................................................................................................36
Community inequality..............................................................................................................37
Will the internet set journalism free?.......................................................................................37
Expanding press freedom through communication rights........................................................38
Development journalism..........................................................................................................39
Ethnic conflict...........................................................................................................................40
Artikel 2: Journalism Ethics...........................................................................................................42
Journalism Ethics......................................................................................................................42
Journalism Ethics as Applied.................................................................................................42
Problem Areas......................................................................................................................42
Main Approaches......................................................................................................................43
Liberal theory........................................................................................................................43
Objectivity and Social Responsibility.....................................................................................43
Interpretation and Activism..................................................................................................44
Community and Care............................................................................................................44
Critiques of Traditional Journalism Ethics.................................................................................45
Questioning Truth hand Objectivity......................................................................................45
Critical Theories of Media.....................................................................................................46
Conclusion: Into the Future......................................................................................................47
Artikel 3: On the shelf life of democracy in journalism scholarship..............................................48
3|Pagina
, The shelf life of ideas................................................................................................................48
Shelf life and the democracy/journalism nexus........................................................................49
How journalism became necessary for democracy...................................................................49
Why democracy is not central for journalism...........................................................................50
The immunity of democracy’s shelf life....................................................................................51
Conclusion................................................................................................................................52
Artikel 4: From Grand Narratives of Democracy to Small Expectations of Participation...............53
Introduction..............................................................................................................................53
The Grand Narratives of Journalism’s Role for Democracy in the Digital Age...........................53
Envisioning Participation in Digital Journalism..........................................................................55
The Participatory Individual and the Democratic Collective in Digital Journalism....................57
Artikel 5: Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.............................59
A Propaganda Model................................................................................................................59
1.1. Size, Ownership, and Profit Orientation of the Mass Media: The First Filter.....................59
1.2. The Advertising License to do Business: The Second Filter................................................60
1.3. Sourcing Mass-Media News: The Third Filter.....................................................................61
1.4. Flak and the Enforcers: The Fourth Filter...........................................................................63
1.5. Anticommunism as a Control Mechanism.........................................................................63
Artikel 6: The Shifting Cross-Media News Landscape...................................................................64
Introduction..............................................................................................................................64
Constellations and Typologies of Media Use............................................................................64
“Doing Citizenship”: The “Cultural Turn” Towards the Microdynamics of Democracy.............64
Determinants of News Consumption: Perceived Worthwhileness...........................................65
Exploring Worthwhileness: Complementarities of Fieldwork...................................................66
Mapping Cross-media Landscapes of News Worthwhileness...................................................66
Worthwhileness: From Map to Typology..................................................................................67
Tracking Changing News Media Preferences: The Value for News Producers..........................67
Artikel 7: The One Thing Journalism Just Might do for Democracy..............................................68
Introduction..............................................................................................................................68
Counter-factual Idealism and Journalism Studies.....................................................................69
Liberal Optimism as a Non-ideal Normative Theory.................................................................69
Democratic Realism in Journalism Studies................................................................................70
Conclusion................................................................................................................................72
Artikel 8: Journalism as a Human Right: The Cultural Approach to Journalism............................73
The cultural approach to journalism.........................................................................................73
Journalism as a human right.....................................................................................................74
4|Pagina
