ACADEMIC ENGLISH
,
,ACADEMIC ENGLISH
MULTI-WORD VERBS
1. Introduction 3
2. Terminology 3
A. PHRASAL VERBS (PHR) 3
B. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (PRE) 4
C. PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (PHR-PRE) 4
3. Formal vs. Informal 4
INFINITIVE OR PRESENT PARTICIPLE/ GERUND
1. The To-Infinitive 5
2. The Present Participle / Gerund (-ing form) 5
3. Verbs with a Shift in Meaning 6
THE PASSIVE
1. What the Passive Voice Is 7
2. Requirements for Using the Passive 7
3. Types of Verbs 8
4. Formation of the Passive 8
5. Mentioning the Agent 9
6. Passive with Modal Verbs 9
7. Passive with Monotransitive Verbs 9
8. Passive with Ditransitive Verbs 9
9. When Passive Is Not Possible 10
10. Uses of the Passive 10
1. INFORMATION ORDER 10
2. UNKNOWN OR UNIMPORTANT AGENT 10
3. AGENT DELIBERATELY OMITTED 10
4. FORMAL STYLE 10
CONDITIONALS
1. Zero Conditional (Type 0) - REAL 11
2. First Conditional (Type 1) — REAL 11
3. Second Conditional (Type 2) — UNREAL 12
4. Third Conditional (Type 2) — UNREAL 12
5. Mixed Conditionals 12
6. Stylistic and Regional Differences 13
7. Common EFL Learner Errors 13
8. Takeaway 13
THE SUBJUNCTIVE
1. Introduction 14
2. Types of Subjunctives in English 14
A. MANDATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 14
B. FORMULAIC SUBJUNCTIVE 15
C. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE 15
MODAL VERBS
1. Introduction 17
2. Types of Modal Verbs 17
3. Key Facts about Central Modals 17
1
, 4. Meanings of Modal Verbs 18
5. Ability 18
A. PRESENT AND FUTURE ABILITY – CAN, BE ABLE TO: 18
B. PAST ABILITY – COULD, BE ABLE TO: 18
6. Possibility (Deduction and Speculation) 18
A. PRESENT POSSIBILITY – CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT: 18
B. FUTURE POSSIBILITY – COULD, MAY, MIGHT: 18
7. Permission 19
A. PRESENT AND FUTURE PERMISSION – CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT: 19
A. PAST PERMISSION – COULD, BE ALLOWED TO: 19
8. Obligation and Necessity 19
A. STRONG OBLIGATION — MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO: 19
9. Recommendation and Advice 19
10. Deduction 19
11. Frequent Errors and Legal Usage 19
2
,
,ACADEMIC ENGLISH
MULTI-WORD VERBS
1. Introduction 3
2. Terminology 3
A. PHRASAL VERBS (PHR) 3
B. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (PRE) 4
C. PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (PHR-PRE) 4
3. Formal vs. Informal 4
INFINITIVE OR PRESENT PARTICIPLE/ GERUND
1. The To-Infinitive 5
2. The Present Participle / Gerund (-ing form) 5
3. Verbs with a Shift in Meaning 6
THE PASSIVE
1. What the Passive Voice Is 7
2. Requirements for Using the Passive 7
3. Types of Verbs 8
4. Formation of the Passive 8
5. Mentioning the Agent 9
6. Passive with Modal Verbs 9
7. Passive with Monotransitive Verbs 9
8. Passive with Ditransitive Verbs 9
9. When Passive Is Not Possible 10
10. Uses of the Passive 10
1. INFORMATION ORDER 10
2. UNKNOWN OR UNIMPORTANT AGENT 10
3. AGENT DELIBERATELY OMITTED 10
4. FORMAL STYLE 10
CONDITIONALS
1. Zero Conditional (Type 0) - REAL 11
2. First Conditional (Type 1) — REAL 11
3. Second Conditional (Type 2) — UNREAL 12
4. Third Conditional (Type 2) — UNREAL 12
5. Mixed Conditionals 12
6. Stylistic and Regional Differences 13
7. Common EFL Learner Errors 13
8. Takeaway 13
THE SUBJUNCTIVE
1. Introduction 14
2. Types of Subjunctives in English 14
A. MANDATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 14
B. FORMULAIC SUBJUNCTIVE 15
C. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE 15
MODAL VERBS
1. Introduction 17
2. Types of Modal Verbs 17
3. Key Facts about Central Modals 17
1
, 4. Meanings of Modal Verbs 18
5. Ability 18
A. PRESENT AND FUTURE ABILITY – CAN, BE ABLE TO: 18
B. PAST ABILITY – COULD, BE ABLE TO: 18
6. Possibility (Deduction and Speculation) 18
A. PRESENT POSSIBILITY – CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT: 18
B. FUTURE POSSIBILITY – COULD, MAY, MIGHT: 18
7. Permission 19
A. PRESENT AND FUTURE PERMISSION – CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT: 19
A. PAST PERMISSION – COULD, BE ALLOWED TO: 19
8. Obligation and Necessity 19
A. STRONG OBLIGATION — MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO: 19
9. Recommendation and Advice 19
10. Deduction 19
11. Frequent Errors and Legal Usage 19
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