Pediatrie – Neurological disorders
1. Inleiding
1.1. The nervous system
▪ Central nervous system
– consists of brain and spinal cord
▪ Peripheral nervous system
– consists of all other neural elements
– In addition to the brain and spinal cord, principal organs of the nervous system
include the following:
o Eyes
o Ears
o Sensory organs of taste
o Sensory organs of smell
o Sensory receptors located in skin, joints, muscles, and other parts of the
body
1.1.1. What can damage the nervous system?
▪ Nervous system is vulnerable to various disorders and can be damaged by:
– Trauma
– Infections
– Degeneration
– Structural defects
– Tumors
– Blood flow disruption
– Autoimmune disorders
– Inborn genetic or metabolic problems
– Toxic exposures or direct effects of drug exposures
1.1.2. Disorders of the nervous system
Vascular disorders Infections
Stroke Meningitis
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Encephalitis
Subarachnoid, subdural or extradural Polio
hemorrhage Epidural abscess
Hematoma
Structural disorders Functional disorders
Brain or spinal cord injury or tumors Headache
Cervical spondylosis Epilepsy
Carpal tunnel syndrome Dizziness
Peripheral neuropathy Neuralgia
Degeneration (=> less seen in children more typical in adults)
Parkinson's disease
Multiple sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Huntington's chorea
Alzheimer's disease
,1.2. Neurological disorders in children
Central nervous system disorders Peripheral nervous sytem disorders
1.2.1. Peripheral nerves
Dysfunction of peripheral nerves may result from damage to any part of the nerve:
▪ Body of the nerve cell
▪ Axon = part that sends messages
▪ Myelin sheath
– = membranes surrounding the axon, functioning like insulation around electrical
wires, enabling nerve impulses to travel quickly
,1.2.1.1. Damage to the peripheral system
1.2.1.2. Neuromuscular junction
Chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber => signal
transmission
Diseases
= result of a malfunction in one or more steps of the pathway
, 1.2.1.3. Muscle damage
1.3. Neurological Disorders
1.3.1. Definition & incidence, prevalence
Incidence
▪ Annual diagnosis rate = number of case diagnosed each year
Prevalence
▪ Estimated population of people who are managing a disorder at any given time
1.3.2. Etiology, pathogenesis & diagnosis
1.3.3. Types, topography & classifications
1.3.3.1. Classifications Why?
▪ Common language improves communication
▪ Prognosis - prediction
▪ Evaluation of treatment
▪ Standardization
▪ Research
Different classifications for different purposes
▪ usefull
▪ reliable
▪ need to make a choice
1.3.3.2. Classifications at different levels of ICF
Mild, moderate, severe worden niet
gebruikt in de klinische context
1. Inleiding
1.1. The nervous system
▪ Central nervous system
– consists of brain and spinal cord
▪ Peripheral nervous system
– consists of all other neural elements
– In addition to the brain and spinal cord, principal organs of the nervous system
include the following:
o Eyes
o Ears
o Sensory organs of taste
o Sensory organs of smell
o Sensory receptors located in skin, joints, muscles, and other parts of the
body
1.1.1. What can damage the nervous system?
▪ Nervous system is vulnerable to various disorders and can be damaged by:
– Trauma
– Infections
– Degeneration
– Structural defects
– Tumors
– Blood flow disruption
– Autoimmune disorders
– Inborn genetic or metabolic problems
– Toxic exposures or direct effects of drug exposures
1.1.2. Disorders of the nervous system
Vascular disorders Infections
Stroke Meningitis
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Encephalitis
Subarachnoid, subdural or extradural Polio
hemorrhage Epidural abscess
Hematoma
Structural disorders Functional disorders
Brain or spinal cord injury or tumors Headache
Cervical spondylosis Epilepsy
Carpal tunnel syndrome Dizziness
Peripheral neuropathy Neuralgia
Degeneration (=> less seen in children more typical in adults)
Parkinson's disease
Multiple sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Huntington's chorea
Alzheimer's disease
,1.2. Neurological disorders in children
Central nervous system disorders Peripheral nervous sytem disorders
1.2.1. Peripheral nerves
Dysfunction of peripheral nerves may result from damage to any part of the nerve:
▪ Body of the nerve cell
▪ Axon = part that sends messages
▪ Myelin sheath
– = membranes surrounding the axon, functioning like insulation around electrical
wires, enabling nerve impulses to travel quickly
,1.2.1.1. Damage to the peripheral system
1.2.1.2. Neuromuscular junction
Chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber => signal
transmission
Diseases
= result of a malfunction in one or more steps of the pathway
, 1.2.1.3. Muscle damage
1.3. Neurological Disorders
1.3.1. Definition & incidence, prevalence
Incidence
▪ Annual diagnosis rate = number of case diagnosed each year
Prevalence
▪ Estimated population of people who are managing a disorder at any given time
1.3.2. Etiology, pathogenesis & diagnosis
1.3.3. Types, topography & classifications
1.3.3.1. Classifications Why?
▪ Common language improves communication
▪ Prognosis - prediction
▪ Evaluation of treatment
▪ Standardization
▪ Research
Different classifications for different purposes
▪ usefull
▪ reliable
▪ need to make a choice
1.3.3.2. Classifications at different levels of ICF
Mild, moderate, severe worden niet
gebruikt in de klinische context
