SAMENVATTING:
PLANTVEREDELING
I0N52a
2025-2026
SCHAKELJAAR: BIOCHEMIE EN BIOTECHNOLOGIE
,Lowie Boels Veredeling en biotechnologie
1. ALGEMENE ASPECTEN VAN VEREDELING ............................................................................................... 4
Art of science ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Werkwijze............................................................................................................................................... 4
Plantveredeling ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Historiek ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Vergelijking dier en plant ......................................................................................................................... 7
Waarom planten veredelen? ................................................................................................................... 8
2. VOORTPLANTSYSTEMEN IN PLANTEN ................................................................................................... 14
1. Seksuele reproductie ....................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene levenscyclus in planten......................................................................................................... 14
Bloei en bloemstructuur ....................................................................................................................... 14
Sporogenese ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Meiose ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Gametogenese ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Zaad en vruchtvorming ......................................................................................................................... 18
2. Bloei inductie................................................................................................................................... 19
3. Bestuiving ........................................................................................................................................ 21
4. Zelf Incompatibiliteit (SI) .................................................................................................................. 23
Heteromorfe zelfincompatibiliteit.......................................................................................................... 24
Homomorfe zelfincompatibiliteit........................................................................................................... 24
5. Mannelijke steriliteit (MS) ................................................................................................................. 28
6. Aseksuele voortplanting ................................................................................................................... 33
Vegetatieve vermeerdering .................................................................................................................... 33
Apomixie .............................................................................................................................................. 35
7. Hybridisatie ..................................................................................................................................... 36
3. GENETISCHE BASIS VAN PLANTVEREDELING........................................................................................ 43
1. Genetische determinatie .................................................................................................................. 43
Types van kenmerken............................................................................................................................ 43
GENETISCHE BASIS: GEN-EFFECTEN .................................................................................................... 44
2. Kwantitatieve genetica .................................................................................................................... 45
Soorten variaties .................................................................................................................................. 45
Overerfbaarheid ................................................................................................................................... 47
4. VEREDELINGSMETHODE VOOR ZELFBESTUIVERS................................................................................. 49
1. Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Cultivars/variëteiten ............................................................................................................................. 49
Types cultivars in gewasveredeling ........................................................................................................ 49
Selectieveredeling ................................................................................................................................ 51
1
,Lowie Boels Veredeling en biotechnologie
2. Veredelingsmethoden voor zelfbestuivende gewassen ...................................................................... 51
Genetische aspecten zelfbestuiving ...................................................................................................... 51
Pure line selection ................................................................................................................................ 52
Mass selection ..................................................................................................................................... 53
Pedigree selection method ~ hybridisatie + selectie ............................................................................... 54
Bulk method ~ hybridisatie + selectie .................................................................................................... 56
Sinsle seed descent method (SSD) ........................................................................................................ 58
Double haploids ................................................................................................................................... 59
Backcrossing = introgrogression breeding .............................................................................................. 60
5. VEREDELINGSMETHODE VOOR KRUISBESTUIVERS .......................................................................... 66
1. Algemene aspecten voor kruisbestuivers bij selectieveredeling .............................................................. 66
2. Veredelingsprogramma’s .................................................................................................................. 66
Mass selection ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Family selection ................................................................................................................................... 67
Recurrent selection .............................................................................................................................. 70
Synthetic selection/breeding ................................................................................................................ 72
Hybride veredeling ................................................................................................................................ 73
Clonale selectie ................................................................................................................................... 76
6. MOLECULAIRE MERKERS ......................................................................................................................... 78
1. Algemeen principe en types merkers ................................................................................................ 78
Genetische Basis: DNA-Polymorfisme................................................................................................... 78
2. Merkertechnieken ............................................................................................................................ 80
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ................................................................................. 80
Variable number of tandem repeats RFLP (VNTR-RFLP) ......................................................................... 80
Random amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD) ........................................................................................ 81
Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) .................................................................................. 82
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) ................................................................................... 82
Microsatellieten / SSR (simple sequence repeats) / STR (short tandem repeats) ...................................... 83
3. Genotyping by sequencing ............................................................................................................... 84
SNP (single nucleotide polymorfisme) ................................................................................................... 84
1. DNA Fingerprinting & fylogenie ......................................................................................................... 87
Toepassingen in Plantenveredeling ........................................................................................................ 87
Multi-Locus vs. Single-Locus Analyse .................................................................................................... 88
2. Opmaak van genetische Kaarten (Genetic Linkage Maps) .................................................................. 89
Genetische Koppeling (Linkage) en Afstand ........................................................................................... 89
3. Genetische kaarten .......................................................................................................................... 92
De 'Three-Point Test Cross' .................................................................................................................... 92
2
, Lowie Boels Veredeling en biotechnologie
Stappenplan voor het Maken van een Genetische Kaart ......................................................................... 93
Types Mapping Populaties ..................................................................................................................... 94
Biparentale Populaties (Zelfbestuivers) .............................................................................................. 94
Multiparentale Populaties (bij zelfbestuivers) ..................................................................................... 95
Vergelijking biparentale en multiparentale mapping poppulaties......................................................... 96
4. Marker assisted selection & backcrossing .......................................................................................... 96
Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) ........................................................................................................... 96
Specifieke Toepassingen en Voordelen............................................................................................... 97
Vergelijking met MAS of met fenotypische selectie ............................................................................. 98
Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MAB) ..................................................................................................... 98
Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS) ......................................................................................... 99
3
PLANTVEREDELING
I0N52a
2025-2026
SCHAKELJAAR: BIOCHEMIE EN BIOTECHNOLOGIE
,Lowie Boels Veredeling en biotechnologie
1. ALGEMENE ASPECTEN VAN VEREDELING ............................................................................................... 4
Art of science ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Werkwijze............................................................................................................................................... 4
Plantveredeling ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Historiek ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Vergelijking dier en plant ......................................................................................................................... 7
Waarom planten veredelen? ................................................................................................................... 8
2. VOORTPLANTSYSTEMEN IN PLANTEN ................................................................................................... 14
1. Seksuele reproductie ....................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene levenscyclus in planten......................................................................................................... 14
Bloei en bloemstructuur ....................................................................................................................... 14
Sporogenese ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Meiose ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Gametogenese ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Zaad en vruchtvorming ......................................................................................................................... 18
2. Bloei inductie................................................................................................................................... 19
3. Bestuiving ........................................................................................................................................ 21
4. Zelf Incompatibiliteit (SI) .................................................................................................................. 23
Heteromorfe zelfincompatibiliteit.......................................................................................................... 24
Homomorfe zelfincompatibiliteit........................................................................................................... 24
5. Mannelijke steriliteit (MS) ................................................................................................................. 28
6. Aseksuele voortplanting ................................................................................................................... 33
Vegetatieve vermeerdering .................................................................................................................... 33
Apomixie .............................................................................................................................................. 35
7. Hybridisatie ..................................................................................................................................... 36
3. GENETISCHE BASIS VAN PLANTVEREDELING........................................................................................ 43
1. Genetische determinatie .................................................................................................................. 43
Types van kenmerken............................................................................................................................ 43
GENETISCHE BASIS: GEN-EFFECTEN .................................................................................................... 44
2. Kwantitatieve genetica .................................................................................................................... 45
Soorten variaties .................................................................................................................................. 45
Overerfbaarheid ................................................................................................................................... 47
4. VEREDELINGSMETHODE VOOR ZELFBESTUIVERS................................................................................. 49
1. Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Cultivars/variëteiten ............................................................................................................................. 49
Types cultivars in gewasveredeling ........................................................................................................ 49
Selectieveredeling ................................................................................................................................ 51
1
,Lowie Boels Veredeling en biotechnologie
2. Veredelingsmethoden voor zelfbestuivende gewassen ...................................................................... 51
Genetische aspecten zelfbestuiving ...................................................................................................... 51
Pure line selection ................................................................................................................................ 52
Mass selection ..................................................................................................................................... 53
Pedigree selection method ~ hybridisatie + selectie ............................................................................... 54
Bulk method ~ hybridisatie + selectie .................................................................................................... 56
Sinsle seed descent method (SSD) ........................................................................................................ 58
Double haploids ................................................................................................................................... 59
Backcrossing = introgrogression breeding .............................................................................................. 60
5. VEREDELINGSMETHODE VOOR KRUISBESTUIVERS .......................................................................... 66
1. Algemene aspecten voor kruisbestuivers bij selectieveredeling .............................................................. 66
2. Veredelingsprogramma’s .................................................................................................................. 66
Mass selection ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Family selection ................................................................................................................................... 67
Recurrent selection .............................................................................................................................. 70
Synthetic selection/breeding ................................................................................................................ 72
Hybride veredeling ................................................................................................................................ 73
Clonale selectie ................................................................................................................................... 76
6. MOLECULAIRE MERKERS ......................................................................................................................... 78
1. Algemeen principe en types merkers ................................................................................................ 78
Genetische Basis: DNA-Polymorfisme................................................................................................... 78
2. Merkertechnieken ............................................................................................................................ 80
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ................................................................................. 80
Variable number of tandem repeats RFLP (VNTR-RFLP) ......................................................................... 80
Random amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD) ........................................................................................ 81
Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) .................................................................................. 82
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) ................................................................................... 82
Microsatellieten / SSR (simple sequence repeats) / STR (short tandem repeats) ...................................... 83
3. Genotyping by sequencing ............................................................................................................... 84
SNP (single nucleotide polymorfisme) ................................................................................................... 84
1. DNA Fingerprinting & fylogenie ......................................................................................................... 87
Toepassingen in Plantenveredeling ........................................................................................................ 87
Multi-Locus vs. Single-Locus Analyse .................................................................................................... 88
2. Opmaak van genetische Kaarten (Genetic Linkage Maps) .................................................................. 89
Genetische Koppeling (Linkage) en Afstand ........................................................................................... 89
3. Genetische kaarten .......................................................................................................................... 92
De 'Three-Point Test Cross' .................................................................................................................... 92
2
, Lowie Boels Veredeling en biotechnologie
Stappenplan voor het Maken van een Genetische Kaart ......................................................................... 93
Types Mapping Populaties ..................................................................................................................... 94
Biparentale Populaties (Zelfbestuivers) .............................................................................................. 94
Multiparentale Populaties (bij zelfbestuivers) ..................................................................................... 95
Vergelijking biparentale en multiparentale mapping poppulaties......................................................... 96
4. Marker assisted selection & backcrossing .......................................................................................... 96
Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) ........................................................................................................... 96
Specifieke Toepassingen en Voordelen............................................................................................... 97
Vergelijking met MAS of met fenotypische selectie ............................................................................. 98
Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MAB) ..................................................................................................... 98
Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS) ......................................................................................... 99
3
