Cognitieve psychologie samenvatting
Inhoud
Cognitieve psychologie samenvatting.........................................................1
1. Inleiding...................................................................................................5
2. Geschiedenis............................................................................................6
Inleiding....................................................................................................6
Eerste cognitieve psychologen.................................................................6
Donders.................................................................................................7
Ebbinghaus............................................................................................8
Opkomst behaviorisme.............................................................................9
Behaviorisme.........................................................................................9
Cognitieve psychologie vs behaviorisme...............................................9
Kritiek op behaviorisme..........................................................................10
Cognitieve revolutie................................................................................11
Technologische vooruitgang................................................................13
Computermodel...................................................................................13
Huidige stand cognitieve psychologie.................................................14
3. Perceptie................................................................................................17
Wat is perceptie?....................................................................................17
Actief proces........................................................................................17
Interne representatie...........................................................................17
Psychofysica............................................................................................19
Detectiedrempel..................................................................................19
Verschildrempel...................................................................................20
Schaal..................................................................................................21
Objectherkenning....................................................................................21
Van waarneming naar herkenning.......................................................21
Waarneming als interactie...................................................................22
Modellen voor objectherkenning..........................................................22
Gezichtsherkenning................................................................................28
Prototypische modellen.......................................................................28
1
, Aantrekkelijkheid.................................................................................28
Fusiform face area (FFA)......................................................................29
4. Aandacht................................................................................................31
Wat is aandacht?.....................................................................................31
Selectieve aaµndacht..............................................................................31
Exogene en endogene aandacht.........................................................31
Changeblindness.................................................................................32
Inattentional blindness........................................................................33
Overte en coverte aandacht................................................................33
Plaatsgebonden aandacht...................................................................34
Voorwerp gebonden aandacht.............................................................34
Toepassing selectieve aandacht..........................................................37
Vroege vs late selectie............................................................................37
Vroege selectie....................................................................................38
Late selectie........................................................................................40
Verdeelde aandacht & automaticiteit.....................................................44
Automaticiteit......................................................................................44
Instance theory of automaticity (Logan)..............................................45
Norman & Shallice’s SAS.....................................................................45
Neurale basis aandacht..........................................................................46
Posner & Peterson aandachtsnetwerken..............................................46
5. Korte termijn geheugen (KTG)................................................................48
Inleiding..................................................................................................48
William James (1890)...........................................................................48
KTG vs LTG...........................................................................................48
Modaal model.........................................................................................51
Modaal model Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)............................................51
Geheugenprocessen............................................................................51
Sensorisch register.................................................................................52
Capaciteit iconisch geheugen..............................................................52
Partiële rapportering (Sperling, 1960).................................................52
Duur iconisch geheugen......................................................................53
Echoïsch geheugen..............................................................................53
2
, Van SR naar KTG..................................................................................54
Korte termijn geheugen..........................................................................54
Capaciteit KTG.....................................................................................55
Duur KTG..............................................................................................55
Vergeten in KTG...................................................................................55
Ophalen in KTG....................................................................................56
Werkgeheugenmodel..............................................................................57
Modaalmodel (Atkonson & Shiffer)......................................................57
Hypothesen Baddeley en Hitch............................................................58
Werkgeheugen model (Baddely & Hitch).............................................58
Geheugen model Cowan (1988).............................................................64
3 activatieniveaus................................................................................64
6. Langetermijngeheugen..........................................................................65
Structuur.................................................................................................66
Taxonomie Squire & Knowlton.............................................................66
Patiënt H.M..........................................................................................66
Wet van Ribot......................................................................................67
Patiënt H.M..........................................................................................68
Expliciet vs impliciet geheugen...........................................................69
Expliciet geheugen.................................................................................70
Semantisch geheugen.........................................................................70
Episodische geheugen.........................................................................73
Opslag in LTG.......................................................................................76
impliciet geheugen.................................................................................79
Proceduraal geheugen.........................................................................79
Priming.................................................................................................80
7. Taal.........................................................................................................82
Psycholinguïstiek....................................................................................82
Taalstructuur en – niveaus......................................................................82
Aangeboren vs aangeleerd.....................................................................84
Huidig taalonderzoek...........................................................................85
Spraak.....................................................................................................86
Theorieën spraakherkenning..................................................................88
3
, Leerprocessen.........................................................................................90
Woordsuperioriteitseffect.....................................................................90
Onderzoek leerprocessen....................................................................91
Taalstoornissen.......................................................................................92
Taal en het brein..................................................................................92
Voorbeeld vragen.......................................................................................93
4
Inhoud
Cognitieve psychologie samenvatting.........................................................1
1. Inleiding...................................................................................................5
2. Geschiedenis............................................................................................6
Inleiding....................................................................................................6
Eerste cognitieve psychologen.................................................................6
Donders.................................................................................................7
Ebbinghaus............................................................................................8
Opkomst behaviorisme.............................................................................9
Behaviorisme.........................................................................................9
Cognitieve psychologie vs behaviorisme...............................................9
Kritiek op behaviorisme..........................................................................10
Cognitieve revolutie................................................................................11
Technologische vooruitgang................................................................13
Computermodel...................................................................................13
Huidige stand cognitieve psychologie.................................................14
3. Perceptie................................................................................................17
Wat is perceptie?....................................................................................17
Actief proces........................................................................................17
Interne representatie...........................................................................17
Psychofysica............................................................................................19
Detectiedrempel..................................................................................19
Verschildrempel...................................................................................20
Schaal..................................................................................................21
Objectherkenning....................................................................................21
Van waarneming naar herkenning.......................................................21
Waarneming als interactie...................................................................22
Modellen voor objectherkenning..........................................................22
Gezichtsherkenning................................................................................28
Prototypische modellen.......................................................................28
1
, Aantrekkelijkheid.................................................................................28
Fusiform face area (FFA)......................................................................29
4. Aandacht................................................................................................31
Wat is aandacht?.....................................................................................31
Selectieve aaµndacht..............................................................................31
Exogene en endogene aandacht.........................................................31
Changeblindness.................................................................................32
Inattentional blindness........................................................................33
Overte en coverte aandacht................................................................33
Plaatsgebonden aandacht...................................................................34
Voorwerp gebonden aandacht.............................................................34
Toepassing selectieve aandacht..........................................................37
Vroege vs late selectie............................................................................37
Vroege selectie....................................................................................38
Late selectie........................................................................................40
Verdeelde aandacht & automaticiteit.....................................................44
Automaticiteit......................................................................................44
Instance theory of automaticity (Logan)..............................................45
Norman & Shallice’s SAS.....................................................................45
Neurale basis aandacht..........................................................................46
Posner & Peterson aandachtsnetwerken..............................................46
5. Korte termijn geheugen (KTG)................................................................48
Inleiding..................................................................................................48
William James (1890)...........................................................................48
KTG vs LTG...........................................................................................48
Modaal model.........................................................................................51
Modaal model Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)............................................51
Geheugenprocessen............................................................................51
Sensorisch register.................................................................................52
Capaciteit iconisch geheugen..............................................................52
Partiële rapportering (Sperling, 1960).................................................52
Duur iconisch geheugen......................................................................53
Echoïsch geheugen..............................................................................53
2
, Van SR naar KTG..................................................................................54
Korte termijn geheugen..........................................................................54
Capaciteit KTG.....................................................................................55
Duur KTG..............................................................................................55
Vergeten in KTG...................................................................................55
Ophalen in KTG....................................................................................56
Werkgeheugenmodel..............................................................................57
Modaalmodel (Atkonson & Shiffer)......................................................57
Hypothesen Baddeley en Hitch............................................................58
Werkgeheugen model (Baddely & Hitch).............................................58
Geheugen model Cowan (1988).............................................................64
3 activatieniveaus................................................................................64
6. Langetermijngeheugen..........................................................................65
Structuur.................................................................................................66
Taxonomie Squire & Knowlton.............................................................66
Patiënt H.M..........................................................................................66
Wet van Ribot......................................................................................67
Patiënt H.M..........................................................................................68
Expliciet vs impliciet geheugen...........................................................69
Expliciet geheugen.................................................................................70
Semantisch geheugen.........................................................................70
Episodische geheugen.........................................................................73
Opslag in LTG.......................................................................................76
impliciet geheugen.................................................................................79
Proceduraal geheugen.........................................................................79
Priming.................................................................................................80
7. Taal.........................................................................................................82
Psycholinguïstiek....................................................................................82
Taalstructuur en – niveaus......................................................................82
Aangeboren vs aangeleerd.....................................................................84
Huidig taalonderzoek...........................................................................85
Spraak.....................................................................................................86
Theorieën spraakherkenning..................................................................88
3
, Leerprocessen.........................................................................................90
Woordsuperioriteitseffect.....................................................................90
Onderzoek leerprocessen....................................................................91
Taalstoornissen.......................................................................................92
Taal en het brein..................................................................................92
Voorbeeld vragen.......................................................................................93
4
