2020-2021
PSYCHOLOGY, LAW AND
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
JULIE SCHOUTEDEN
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Inleiding .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. De wetenschappelijke methode (scientific method)........................................................ 2
1.2.1. In theorie .................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2. In praktijk ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.3. Experimental method ............................................................................................... 2
1.3. Mythes over Legal Psychology (juridische psyhologie) ................................................. 3
Hoofdstuk 2: Basic psychological insights relevant tot the criminal justice – basisinzichten uit
de psychologie die relevant zijn voor strafrecht ......................................................................... 5
2.1. Perception/Perceptie of waarneming ............................................................................... 5
2.1.1. Change Blindness ..................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2. Inattentional Blindness ............................................................................................. 5
2.1.3. Yerkes-Dodson curve ............................................................................................... 6
2.1.4. (other) Quantitative Limitations of our Perception .................................................. 7
2.1.5. Qualitative Limitations of our Perception ................................................................ 7
2.2. Memory/geheugen ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. Stages of memory ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Forgetting ................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3. Autobiographical memory...................................................................................... 10
2.2.4. Spreading activation theory .................................................................................... 12
2.2.5. Context-dependent theory ...................................................................................... 13
2.2.6. DRM Paradigm ...................................................................................................... 13
Hoofdstuk 3: Misinformation, false memories and nonbelieved memories – misinformatie,
valse herinneringen en nonbelieved memories ......................................................................... 14
3.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.2. Memory wars................................................................................................................. 15
3.3. False memory ................................................................................................................ 15
3.4. Spontaneously or suggestion-induced memories? ........................................................ 15
3.4.1. Spontaneously false memories ............................................................................... 16
3.4.2. Suggestion-induced false memories ....................................................................... 18
3.5. Implications for the Criminal justice ............................................................................. 20
Hoofdstuk 4: Eyewitnes testimony – getuigenis van ooggetuigen........................................... 22
4.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 22
4.2. Estimator Variables ....................................................................................................... 22
4.2.1. Own-Race bias ....................................................................................................... 22
, 4.2.2. Stress ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.3. Weapon Focus Effect ............................................................................................. 23
4.2.4. Exposure Duration.................................................................................................. 24
4.2.5. Disguise .................................................................................................................. 24
4.2.6. Retention interval ................................................................................................... 24
4.2.7. Intoxication............................................................................................................. 25
4.3. System Variables ........................................................................................................... 25
4.3.1. Identification of the suspects (recognition) ............................................................ 25
4.4. Postdiction Variables..................................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 5: Interviewing and interrogation – interviewen en verhoren ................................ 29
5.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 29
5.2. Interviewing .................................................................................................................. 29
5.2.1. Witnesses and victims ............................................................................................ 29
5.2.2. Cognitive interview ................................................................................................ 29
5.3. Interrogating suspects .................................................................................................... 32
5.3.1. A Taxonomy of interrogation methods .................................................................. 32
5.3.2. The Reid Technique ............................................................................................... 33
5.3.3. The PEACE Technique .......................................................................................... 35
5.3.4. Military vs. Police interrogation............................................................................. 36
Hoofdstuk 6: False confession – vasle bekentenis ................................................................... 38
6.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 38
6.2. Confession in Criminal Law ......................................................................................... 38
6.2.1. Pre-interrogation interview .................................................................................... 38
6.2.2. Miranda warning waiver ........................................................................................ 39
6.2.3. Interrogation ........................................................................................................... 40
6.2.4. Confession .............................................................................................................. 40
6.2.5. Confession evidence in court ................................................................................. 44
Hoofdstuk 7: Crime-related amnesia – criminaliteitsgerelateerde amnesia ............................. 45
7.1. Just fiction? ................................................................................................................... 45
7.2. Amnesia for violent crime ............................................................................................. 45
7.2.1. Organic Amnesia .................................................................................................... 45
7.2.2. Dissociative Amnesia ............................................................................................. 46
7.2.3. Simulated or feigned Amnesia ............................................................................... 50
7.3. How to evaluate crime-related amnesia? ...................................................................... 51
Hoofdstuk 8: Deception detection – detectie van misleiding ................................................... 53
8.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 53
8.2. Lie detection .................................................................................................................. 53
, 8.2.1. Theoretical foundation of lie detection .................................................................. 53
8.2.2. A challenge for deception research ........................................................................ 54
8.3. Lie detection Methods ................................................................................................... 55
8.3.1. Non-verbal .............................................................................................................. 55
8.3.2. Verbal ..................................................................................................................... 56
8.3.3. Psychophysiological ............................................................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 9: Experts, trials and cognitive bias – experten, rechtzaken en cognitieve bias ..... 61
9.1. The trial and its actors ................................................................................................... 61
9.2. Cognitive Bias ............................................................................................................... 64
9.2.1. Expected Frequency Bias ....................................................................................... 64
9.2.2. Confirmation Bias .................................................................................................. 64
9.2.3. Contextual Bias ...................................................................................................... 65
9.2.4. Blind Spot Bias....................................................................................................... 65
9.2.5. Allegiance Bias ...................................................................................................... 66
9.2.6. Diagnosis Momentum ............................................................................................ 66
9.3. Clinical vs. Forensic Role ............................................................................................. 66
9.4. Protect Experts against Bias .......................................................................................... 66
9.4.1. Blind Testing .......................................................................................................... 67
9.4.2. Comparison Method ............................................................................................... 67
9.4.3. Likelihood Ratio Format ........................................................................................ 67
9.4.4. Alternative Scenario ............................................................................................... 68
Hoofdstuk 10: Legal decision making – juridische besluitvorming ........................................ 69
10.1. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................... 69
10.2. (Legal) Rationalism vs. Realism ................................................................................. 69
10.3. Emotion and legal decision making ............................................................................ 69
10.4. Logical reasoning and legal decision making ............................................................. 70
10.5. Confirmation Bias to legal decision making ............................................................... 72
10.6. Extraneous factors in judicial decisions ...................................................................... 73
10.7. The Order Effect .......................................................................................................... 74
10.8. Context during sentencing ........................................................................................... 74
10.9. The Anchoring Effect in court .................................................................................... 75
10.10 Hindsight Bias in court ............................................................................................... 75
Hoofdstuk 11: Conclusie .......................................................................................................... 77
11.1. Overlopen van vorige lectures .................................................................................... 77
PSYCHOLOGY, LAW AND
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
JULIE SCHOUTEDEN
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Inleiding .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. De wetenschappelijke methode (scientific method)........................................................ 2
1.2.1. In theorie .................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2. In praktijk ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.3. Experimental method ............................................................................................... 2
1.3. Mythes over Legal Psychology (juridische psyhologie) ................................................. 3
Hoofdstuk 2: Basic psychological insights relevant tot the criminal justice – basisinzichten uit
de psychologie die relevant zijn voor strafrecht ......................................................................... 5
2.1. Perception/Perceptie of waarneming ............................................................................... 5
2.1.1. Change Blindness ..................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2. Inattentional Blindness ............................................................................................. 5
2.1.3. Yerkes-Dodson curve ............................................................................................... 6
2.1.4. (other) Quantitative Limitations of our Perception .................................................. 7
2.1.5. Qualitative Limitations of our Perception ................................................................ 7
2.2. Memory/geheugen ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. Stages of memory ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Forgetting ................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3. Autobiographical memory...................................................................................... 10
2.2.4. Spreading activation theory .................................................................................... 12
2.2.5. Context-dependent theory ...................................................................................... 13
2.2.6. DRM Paradigm ...................................................................................................... 13
Hoofdstuk 3: Misinformation, false memories and nonbelieved memories – misinformatie,
valse herinneringen en nonbelieved memories ......................................................................... 14
3.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.2. Memory wars................................................................................................................. 15
3.3. False memory ................................................................................................................ 15
3.4. Spontaneously or suggestion-induced memories? ........................................................ 15
3.4.1. Spontaneously false memories ............................................................................... 16
3.4.2. Suggestion-induced false memories ....................................................................... 18
3.5. Implications for the Criminal justice ............................................................................. 20
Hoofdstuk 4: Eyewitnes testimony – getuigenis van ooggetuigen........................................... 22
4.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 22
4.2. Estimator Variables ....................................................................................................... 22
4.2.1. Own-Race bias ....................................................................................................... 22
, 4.2.2. Stress ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.3. Weapon Focus Effect ............................................................................................. 23
4.2.4. Exposure Duration.................................................................................................. 24
4.2.5. Disguise .................................................................................................................. 24
4.2.6. Retention interval ................................................................................................... 24
4.2.7. Intoxication............................................................................................................. 25
4.3. System Variables ........................................................................................................... 25
4.3.1. Identification of the suspects (recognition) ............................................................ 25
4.4. Postdiction Variables..................................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 5: Interviewing and interrogation – interviewen en verhoren ................................ 29
5.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 29
5.2. Interviewing .................................................................................................................. 29
5.2.1. Witnesses and victims ............................................................................................ 29
5.2.2. Cognitive interview ................................................................................................ 29
5.3. Interrogating suspects .................................................................................................... 32
5.3.1. A Taxonomy of interrogation methods .................................................................. 32
5.3.2. The Reid Technique ............................................................................................... 33
5.3.3. The PEACE Technique .......................................................................................... 35
5.3.4. Military vs. Police interrogation............................................................................. 36
Hoofdstuk 6: False confession – vasle bekentenis ................................................................... 38
6.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 38
6.2. Confession in Criminal Law ......................................................................................... 38
6.2.1. Pre-interrogation interview .................................................................................... 38
6.2.2. Miranda warning waiver ........................................................................................ 39
6.2.3. Interrogation ........................................................................................................... 40
6.2.4. Confession .............................................................................................................. 40
6.2.5. Confession evidence in court ................................................................................. 44
Hoofdstuk 7: Crime-related amnesia – criminaliteitsgerelateerde amnesia ............................. 45
7.1. Just fiction? ................................................................................................................... 45
7.2. Amnesia for violent crime ............................................................................................. 45
7.2.1. Organic Amnesia .................................................................................................... 45
7.2.2. Dissociative Amnesia ............................................................................................. 46
7.2.3. Simulated or feigned Amnesia ............................................................................... 50
7.3. How to evaluate crime-related amnesia? ...................................................................... 51
Hoofdstuk 8: Deception detection – detectie van misleiding ................................................... 53
8.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 53
8.2. Lie detection .................................................................................................................. 53
, 8.2.1. Theoretical foundation of lie detection .................................................................. 53
8.2.2. A challenge for deception research ........................................................................ 54
8.3. Lie detection Methods ................................................................................................... 55
8.3.1. Non-verbal .............................................................................................................. 55
8.3.2. Verbal ..................................................................................................................... 56
8.3.3. Psychophysiological ............................................................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 9: Experts, trials and cognitive bias – experten, rechtzaken en cognitieve bias ..... 61
9.1. The trial and its actors ................................................................................................... 61
9.2. Cognitive Bias ............................................................................................................... 64
9.2.1. Expected Frequency Bias ....................................................................................... 64
9.2.2. Confirmation Bias .................................................................................................. 64
9.2.3. Contextual Bias ...................................................................................................... 65
9.2.4. Blind Spot Bias....................................................................................................... 65
9.2.5. Allegiance Bias ...................................................................................................... 66
9.2.6. Diagnosis Momentum ............................................................................................ 66
9.3. Clinical vs. Forensic Role ............................................................................................. 66
9.4. Protect Experts against Bias .......................................................................................... 66
9.4.1. Blind Testing .......................................................................................................... 67
9.4.2. Comparison Method ............................................................................................... 67
9.4.3. Likelihood Ratio Format ........................................................................................ 67
9.4.4. Alternative Scenario ............................................................................................... 68
Hoofdstuk 10: Legal decision making – juridische besluitvorming ........................................ 69
10.1. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................... 69
10.2. (Legal) Rationalism vs. Realism ................................................................................. 69
10.3. Emotion and legal decision making ............................................................................ 69
10.4. Logical reasoning and legal decision making ............................................................. 70
10.5. Confirmation Bias to legal decision making ............................................................... 72
10.6. Extraneous factors in judicial decisions ...................................................................... 73
10.7. The Order Effect .......................................................................................................... 74
10.8. Context during sentencing ........................................................................................... 74
10.9. The Anchoring Effect in court .................................................................................... 75
10.10 Hindsight Bias in court ............................................................................................... 75
Hoofdstuk 11: Conclusie .......................................................................................................... 77
11.1. Overlopen van vorige lectures .................................................................................... 77
