INDUSTRIËLE INGENIEURSWETENSCHAPPEN
PRODUCTIETECHNOLOGIE 1
ELEKTROMECHANICA
Campus Groep T
Data-Acquisitie
T2ODA 1/2
Vierkante Passer
2024-2025
, Industriële ingenieurswetenschappen
Data-acquisitie
Inhoud
1 Sensoren – Karakteristieken.......................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Definities.............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Data acquisitie systemen..................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Structuur van een meetsysteem.............................................................................6
1.2.2 De classificatie van sensor......................................................................................7
1.3 Sensor in proces control...................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Karakteristieken van sensoren............................................................................................. 7
1.4.1 Afwijkingen.............................................................................................................. 8
1.4.2 Modellen van lineariteit...........................................................................................8
1.4.3 Voorbeeld PT 102 sensor.......................................................................................9
1.5 Kalibratie proces................................................................................................................ 10
1.5.1 Voorkomende fouten............................................................................................. 11
1.5.2 Afwijkingen............................................................................................................ 11
1.5.3 Sensor Kalibratie................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Dynamische karakteristieken.............................................................................................12
2 Afstand sensoren.......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Weerstandspotentiometers/ Weerstand afstandssensoren...............................................12
2.1.1 Type potentiometers............................................................................................. 13
2.2 Strain gages....................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 De werking van een strain gages..........................................................................13
2.2.2 Voorbeelden van strain gages..............................................................................15
2.2.3 Voorbeeld bewerking strain gages........................................................................17
2.3 Inductiviteit......................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Revolver................................................................................................................ 20
2.4 Inductosync........................................................................................................................ 21
2.5 Capacitieve sensoren........................................................................................................ 21
2.5.1 Variabele differentiële capacitor sensor................................................................22
2.5.2 Voorbeelden van capacitieve sensoren................................................................23
2.6 Piëzoelecric sensoren........................................................................................................ 23
2.7 Optische encoders............................................................................................................. 24
2.7.1 Incremental optische encoder...............................................................................25
2.7.2 Absolute optische encoders..................................................................................26
2.8 Hall-effect sensor............................................................................................................... 26
2.8.1 Hall-effect.............................................................................................................. 26
2.8.2 Differentieel tandwiel positie sensor......................................................................27
2.8.3 Angulaire hall brug sensor....................................................................................27
3 Snelheidssensoren...................................................................................................................... 28
3.1 Tachometers...................................................................................................................... 28
3.1.1 DC-tachometer...................................................................................................... 28
3.1.2 AC-tachometer...................................................................................................... 29
3.1.3 Variabele reluctantie sensor..................................................................................29
4 Versnellingssensoren................................................................................................................... 29
4.1 Relatieve acceleratie sensoren..........................................................................................29
4.2 Seismic- (Absolute-) acceleratie sensoren........................................................................30
4.2.1 Verbonden rekstrookjesversnellingsmeter............................................................30
4.2.2 Capacitieve accelerometer....................................................................................30
4.2.3 Piëzoelectric accelerometer..................................................................................31
4.2.4 Null balance type accelerometers.........................................................................32
4.3 MEMS................................................................................................................................ 32
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Data-acquisitie
4.3.1 MEMS accelerometers.......................................................................................... 32
4.3.2 Capacitieve accelerometers..................................................................................33
4.3.3 Piëzo-weerstand accelerometer............................................................................33
4.3.4 Vibratie sensor...................................................................................................... 33
4.3.5 Gyroscoop............................................................................................................. 33
4.3.6 Druk...................................................................................................................... 34
5 Kracht sensoren............................................................................................................................ 34
5.1 Elastische kracht omvormer...............................................................................................34
5.1.1 Load cell................................................................................................................ 35
5.2 LVDT-krachtsensor............................................................................................................ 38
5.3 Piëzoelectric kracht transducer.......................................................................................... 38
5.4 FSR-weerstand krachtsensor............................................................................................ 39
6 Druksensoren................................................................................................................................ 39
6.1 Types druksensoren.......................................................................................................... 39
6.2 Piëzo electric druksensoren...............................................................................................40
6.3 Capacitieve druksensoren................................................................................................. 40
6.4 Membraan druksensoren................................................................................................... 40
6.5 Piëzo-weerstand druksensoren.........................................................................................41
6.6 Silicone micromachine druksensor....................................................................................41
6.7 Optische druksensor.......................................................................................................... 41
7 Debietsensoren............................................................................................................................. 42
7.1 Thermische anemometers.................................................................................................42
7.2 Obstructieve sensor........................................................................................................... 42
7.2.1 Verschillende obstructieve types...........................................................................43
7.3 Laminair debiet elementen................................................................................................43
7.4 Ultrasonische stroom sensoren.........................................................................................44
7.5 Elektromagnetische debietmeters......................................................................................44
7.5.1 De evolutie van het excitatiesignaal......................................................................45
8 Temperatuur sensoren................................................................................................................. 45
8.1 Kwikthermometers............................................................................................................. 46
8.2 Bimetaal thermometers...................................................................................................... 46
8.3 Vloeistof/gas drukthermometers........................................................................................47
8.3.1 Toepassingen vloeistof/gas drukthermometers.....................................................47
8.4 RTD (thermische weerstand meetsensoren)....................................................................48
8.4.1 Types RTD’s......................................................................................................... 48
8.5 RTD semi-conductoren..................................................................................................... 49
8.5.1 Si-weerstanden:.................................................................................................... 49
8.5.2 Themistoren.......................................................................................................... 49
8.5.3 Junction conductors.............................................................................................. 49
8.6 Stralingstemperatuursensoren...........................................................................................49
8.7 Thermokoppels.................................................................................................................. 50
8.8 Overzicht van de verschillende temperatuur sensoren......................................................51
9 Signaal conditionering.................................................................................................................. 51
9.1 Meten van weerstanden.................................................................................................... 52
9.2 Amplificatie........................................................................................................................ 53
9.3 Draadsystemen.................................................................................................................. 53
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Data-acquisitie
9.4 AC uitgangen..................................................................................................................... 54
9.5 Filtering.............................................................................................................................. 54
9.5.1 Ruis/noise............................................................................................................. 54
9.5.2 Interfereren........................................................................................................... 55
9.5.3 Anti-aliasing.......................................................................................................... 55
9.6 Signaal isolatie................................................................................................................... 55
9.7 De transmitter.................................................................................................................... 56
10 Signaal verwerken....................................................................................................................... 56
10.1 DAC................................................................................................................................. 56
10.1.1 DAC-conversie.................................................................................................... 56
10.1.2 Eigenschappen DAC........................................................................................... 57
10.1.3 Types DAC.......................................................................................................... 57
10.2 ADC................................................................................................................................. 59
10.2.1 Sample-and-Hold................................................................................................ 60
10.2.2 Quantization........................................................................................................ 60
10.2.3 Successive Approximation ADC.........................................................................61
10.3 Geïntegreerde ADC......................................................................................................... 61
11 Sampling..................................................................................................................................... 62
12 Gegevensinterface...................................................................................................................... 62
12.1 Sensor data interface met Groove base kit......................................................................63
12.1.1 Types data interfaces.......................................................................................... 63
12.1.2 Werking I2C bus................................................................................................. 64
12.1.3 Voorbeeldwerking I2C......................................................................................... 64
12.2 Sensorgegevenshardware bibliotheken...........................................................................65
12.3 Verschillende types hardware libraries (voor Pi)..............................................................65
12.3.1 MRAA.................................................................................................................. 65
12.3.2 SMBUS2............................................................................................................. 65
12.3.3 UPM.................................................................................................................... 65
12.4 Sensor apparatuur bibliotheken.......................................................................................66
12.5 Gebruikers applicaties voor sensorgegevens..................................................................66
3 | INHOUD
PRODUCTIETECHNOLOGIE 1
ELEKTROMECHANICA
Campus Groep T
Data-Acquisitie
T2ODA 1/2
Vierkante Passer
2024-2025
, Industriële ingenieurswetenschappen
Data-acquisitie
Inhoud
1 Sensoren – Karakteristieken.......................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Definities.............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Data acquisitie systemen..................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Structuur van een meetsysteem.............................................................................6
1.2.2 De classificatie van sensor......................................................................................7
1.3 Sensor in proces control...................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Karakteristieken van sensoren............................................................................................. 7
1.4.1 Afwijkingen.............................................................................................................. 8
1.4.2 Modellen van lineariteit...........................................................................................8
1.4.3 Voorbeeld PT 102 sensor.......................................................................................9
1.5 Kalibratie proces................................................................................................................ 10
1.5.1 Voorkomende fouten............................................................................................. 11
1.5.2 Afwijkingen............................................................................................................ 11
1.5.3 Sensor Kalibratie................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Dynamische karakteristieken.............................................................................................12
2 Afstand sensoren.......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Weerstandspotentiometers/ Weerstand afstandssensoren...............................................12
2.1.1 Type potentiometers............................................................................................. 13
2.2 Strain gages....................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 De werking van een strain gages..........................................................................13
2.2.2 Voorbeelden van strain gages..............................................................................15
2.2.3 Voorbeeld bewerking strain gages........................................................................17
2.3 Inductiviteit......................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Revolver................................................................................................................ 20
2.4 Inductosync........................................................................................................................ 21
2.5 Capacitieve sensoren........................................................................................................ 21
2.5.1 Variabele differentiële capacitor sensor................................................................22
2.5.2 Voorbeelden van capacitieve sensoren................................................................23
2.6 Piëzoelecric sensoren........................................................................................................ 23
2.7 Optische encoders............................................................................................................. 24
2.7.1 Incremental optische encoder...............................................................................25
2.7.2 Absolute optische encoders..................................................................................26
2.8 Hall-effect sensor............................................................................................................... 26
2.8.1 Hall-effect.............................................................................................................. 26
2.8.2 Differentieel tandwiel positie sensor......................................................................27
2.8.3 Angulaire hall brug sensor....................................................................................27
3 Snelheidssensoren...................................................................................................................... 28
3.1 Tachometers...................................................................................................................... 28
3.1.1 DC-tachometer...................................................................................................... 28
3.1.2 AC-tachometer...................................................................................................... 29
3.1.3 Variabele reluctantie sensor..................................................................................29
4 Versnellingssensoren................................................................................................................... 29
4.1 Relatieve acceleratie sensoren..........................................................................................29
4.2 Seismic- (Absolute-) acceleratie sensoren........................................................................30
4.2.1 Verbonden rekstrookjesversnellingsmeter............................................................30
4.2.2 Capacitieve accelerometer....................................................................................30
4.2.3 Piëzoelectric accelerometer..................................................................................31
4.2.4 Null balance type accelerometers.........................................................................32
4.3 MEMS................................................................................................................................ 32
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, Industriële ingenieurswetenschappen
Data-acquisitie
4.3.1 MEMS accelerometers.......................................................................................... 32
4.3.2 Capacitieve accelerometers..................................................................................33
4.3.3 Piëzo-weerstand accelerometer............................................................................33
4.3.4 Vibratie sensor...................................................................................................... 33
4.3.5 Gyroscoop............................................................................................................. 33
4.3.6 Druk...................................................................................................................... 34
5 Kracht sensoren............................................................................................................................ 34
5.1 Elastische kracht omvormer...............................................................................................34
5.1.1 Load cell................................................................................................................ 35
5.2 LVDT-krachtsensor............................................................................................................ 38
5.3 Piëzoelectric kracht transducer.......................................................................................... 38
5.4 FSR-weerstand krachtsensor............................................................................................ 39
6 Druksensoren................................................................................................................................ 39
6.1 Types druksensoren.......................................................................................................... 39
6.2 Piëzo electric druksensoren...............................................................................................40
6.3 Capacitieve druksensoren................................................................................................. 40
6.4 Membraan druksensoren................................................................................................... 40
6.5 Piëzo-weerstand druksensoren.........................................................................................41
6.6 Silicone micromachine druksensor....................................................................................41
6.7 Optische druksensor.......................................................................................................... 41
7 Debietsensoren............................................................................................................................. 42
7.1 Thermische anemometers.................................................................................................42
7.2 Obstructieve sensor........................................................................................................... 42
7.2.1 Verschillende obstructieve types...........................................................................43
7.3 Laminair debiet elementen................................................................................................43
7.4 Ultrasonische stroom sensoren.........................................................................................44
7.5 Elektromagnetische debietmeters......................................................................................44
7.5.1 De evolutie van het excitatiesignaal......................................................................45
8 Temperatuur sensoren................................................................................................................. 45
8.1 Kwikthermometers............................................................................................................. 46
8.2 Bimetaal thermometers...................................................................................................... 46
8.3 Vloeistof/gas drukthermometers........................................................................................47
8.3.1 Toepassingen vloeistof/gas drukthermometers.....................................................47
8.4 RTD (thermische weerstand meetsensoren)....................................................................48
8.4.1 Types RTD’s......................................................................................................... 48
8.5 RTD semi-conductoren..................................................................................................... 49
8.5.1 Si-weerstanden:.................................................................................................... 49
8.5.2 Themistoren.......................................................................................................... 49
8.5.3 Junction conductors.............................................................................................. 49
8.6 Stralingstemperatuursensoren...........................................................................................49
8.7 Thermokoppels.................................................................................................................. 50
8.8 Overzicht van de verschillende temperatuur sensoren......................................................51
9 Signaal conditionering.................................................................................................................. 51
9.1 Meten van weerstanden.................................................................................................... 52
9.2 Amplificatie........................................................................................................................ 53
9.3 Draadsystemen.................................................................................................................. 53
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, Industriële ingenieurswetenschappen
Data-acquisitie
9.4 AC uitgangen..................................................................................................................... 54
9.5 Filtering.............................................................................................................................. 54
9.5.1 Ruis/noise............................................................................................................. 54
9.5.2 Interfereren........................................................................................................... 55
9.5.3 Anti-aliasing.......................................................................................................... 55
9.6 Signaal isolatie................................................................................................................... 55
9.7 De transmitter.................................................................................................................... 56
10 Signaal verwerken....................................................................................................................... 56
10.1 DAC................................................................................................................................. 56
10.1.1 DAC-conversie.................................................................................................... 56
10.1.2 Eigenschappen DAC........................................................................................... 57
10.1.3 Types DAC.......................................................................................................... 57
10.2 ADC................................................................................................................................. 59
10.2.1 Sample-and-Hold................................................................................................ 60
10.2.2 Quantization........................................................................................................ 60
10.2.3 Successive Approximation ADC.........................................................................61
10.3 Geïntegreerde ADC......................................................................................................... 61
11 Sampling..................................................................................................................................... 62
12 Gegevensinterface...................................................................................................................... 62
12.1 Sensor data interface met Groove base kit......................................................................63
12.1.1 Types data interfaces.......................................................................................... 63
12.1.2 Werking I2C bus................................................................................................. 64
12.1.3 Voorbeeldwerking I2C......................................................................................... 64
12.2 Sensorgegevenshardware bibliotheken...........................................................................65
12.3 Verschillende types hardware libraries (voor Pi)..............................................................65
12.3.1 MRAA.................................................................................................................. 65
12.3.2 SMBUS2............................................................................................................. 65
12.3.3 UPM.................................................................................................................... 65
12.4 Sensor apparatuur bibliotheken.......................................................................................66
12.5 Gebruikers applicaties voor sensorgegevens..................................................................66
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