Samenvatting Kwalitatieve
onderzoeksmethoden
Les 1: welkom en inleiding
- Interviews = data verzamelen
Examen
- Handboek is verplichte lectuur
- Openboek examen
o Mag handboek meenemen naar het examen (notities mogen niet.)
o Markeringen in HB mag
o Post its in het Handboek mag
o Kleine hulpwoordjes mogen, geen volledige zinnen.
- 1 a 2 open vragen
o Welke data?, welke data verzameling methode?
o Dit onderzoek betekent… dat soort….
o Een onderzoeksvraag verbeteren.
- Veel meerkeuze vragen (met giscorrectie)
- Geen letterlijke vragen
o Veel inzicht vragen.
Vb vragen
Antwoord A
- Hij gaat bewust de vraag heel verwarrend stellen
o Dus goed begrijpen
o Alles goed leren
o 1 element gaat fout zijn in de antwoorden.
, Antwoord: D
Inductief= starten vanuit de data.
Niet behandelde delen van het HB zijn ook leerstof
➔ Maar eerder beperkt: weten dat het er is en kunnen begrijpen in het HB
Kwalitatief onderzoek= geen theoretische veralgemening.
Les 2: Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek.
Mens is altijd een wezen geweest die zich afvraagt hoe alles werkt→antwoorden vind je door
onderzoek te doen.
Wat zijn stereotiepe kenmerken van kwalitatief
onderzoek? (Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek dan wel?)
4 stereotypen
- Subjectief
- Soft
- N=1 (kleine onderzoekseenheden)
- Geen cijfers.
Subjectief
- Kwalitatief betekent subjectief.
,- “While it is true that we may be led astray by subjective factors (whether conceived of as
mental, inner, inexplicit, particular or whatever), it is also the case that we are inevitably
dependent upon personal knowledge, capabilities and motivations in producing any
evidence or conclusions.
For instance, we cannot avoid relying upon our senses in making observations, and these
are in important respect, of subjective, culturally constituted and cannot be separated from
expectations or habits. Nor is it possible to reduce them entirely to the following of explicit
procedures (…). Much of the same applies to the processes of inference involved in
producing evidence from data and drawing conclusions from it. Here, we cannot operate
entirely in the manner of a calculating machine, we cannot avoid employing
assumptions, ampliative inference and imagination.” (Hammersley)
- Hammersley
o Afhankelijk van: persoonlijke kennis, motivatie
- Reflexiviteit
o Kwal. Onderzoekers heel bewust maken van eigen positie/standpunt→en welke
invloed hun interpretatie heeft op het onderzoek.
- Subjectief: NEE
o Zoveel mogelijk reflexief en transparant zijn
o Maar wel eigen interpretatie
Soft
- Kwalitatief onderzoek doet maar wat
- Enkel interpreteren volgends hun eigen visie
- “Through the grounded theory heuristics of field
note taking, theoretical sampling, coding along
various dimensions, memo writing, constant
comparing, and sorting and diagramming memos
(Charmaz 2006; Strauss 1987), qualitative
researchers are urged to subject their work to a
series of tedious and time-consuming
methodological sequences. Generally, taking
detailed field notes and precise transcriptions is
understood as a way to check against faulty memory
and against the tendency … to modify our field experience retroactively so that it fits better
with our theoretical proclivities or with the kind of narrative we want to tell (…). In this
sense, these steps do what many methodological guidelines do: They increase the
resistance of the phenomenon to our interpretations. Similarly, coding and memo writing
are designed to ensure that we thoroughly familiarize ourselves with our data, that we do
not forget the interactions we have been privy to once we put them down on the page.”
- Grounded theorie
o Grote benadering binnen kwal. Onderz.
o Zeer strikte procedures
o Extreme transparantie
o Zeer duidelijk je interpretatie staven
o Veel systemischer.
, - Dus kwal Ond. Soft?: NEE
o Kwal. Onder. Doen niet zomaar wat
o Gestructureerde processen die ze moeten volgen.
N=1
- Tweedeling al meer dan 100 jaar.
o Ofwel kwantitatief: N= ++++
o Oftewel kwalitatief: N=1
- Is nu niet meer aan de orde
- Kwalitatief meer data
- “The view that quantitative researchers look at many cases, while
qualitative researchers look at only one or a small number of cases,
can be maintained only by allowing considerable slippage in
what is meant by "case."
The ethnographer who interviews the employees of a firm in order to
uncover its informal organization has at least as much empirical data
as the researcher who uses these same interviews to construct a data
set appropriate for quantitative assessment of variation among
employees in job satisfaction. Both have data on employees and on
the firm, and both produce findings specific in time and place to that
single firm. Further, both researchers make sense of their findings by connecting them to
studies of other firms. Yet the ethnographer is said to have but one case and to be
conducting a case study, while the quantitative researcher is seen as having many cases.”
Geen cijfers (niet kwantificeerbaar)
- Bryman
o Woorden in plaats van cijfers.
o Hardnekkig onderscheid.
o Klopt niet volgens de prof.
- “An ethnographic study provides a thick description, in prose, of
a particular setting which is intended to uncover certain
features of other settings (not studied). The prose stretches for
five hundred pages in a draft manuscript and is rather repetitive; certain patterns are
repeated again and again. In an effort to reduce the sheer volume of descriptive material,
as well as to attain a more synthetic analysis, the researcher begins to code the results
of her labors into standardized categories: she counts. Has she, by committing the act of
numeracy, now converted a case study into some other type of study?” (Gerring)
- Gerring
o Kwal. Onderz.: 100de pagina’s aan uitgeschreven data
o Coderen om het hapbaar te maken.
o Is het dan kwantitatief?
onderzoeksmethoden
Les 1: welkom en inleiding
- Interviews = data verzamelen
Examen
- Handboek is verplichte lectuur
- Openboek examen
o Mag handboek meenemen naar het examen (notities mogen niet.)
o Markeringen in HB mag
o Post its in het Handboek mag
o Kleine hulpwoordjes mogen, geen volledige zinnen.
- 1 a 2 open vragen
o Welke data?, welke data verzameling methode?
o Dit onderzoek betekent… dat soort….
o Een onderzoeksvraag verbeteren.
- Veel meerkeuze vragen (met giscorrectie)
- Geen letterlijke vragen
o Veel inzicht vragen.
Vb vragen
Antwoord A
- Hij gaat bewust de vraag heel verwarrend stellen
o Dus goed begrijpen
o Alles goed leren
o 1 element gaat fout zijn in de antwoorden.
, Antwoord: D
Inductief= starten vanuit de data.
Niet behandelde delen van het HB zijn ook leerstof
➔ Maar eerder beperkt: weten dat het er is en kunnen begrijpen in het HB
Kwalitatief onderzoek= geen theoretische veralgemening.
Les 2: Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek.
Mens is altijd een wezen geweest die zich afvraagt hoe alles werkt→antwoorden vind je door
onderzoek te doen.
Wat zijn stereotiepe kenmerken van kwalitatief
onderzoek? (Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek dan wel?)
4 stereotypen
- Subjectief
- Soft
- N=1 (kleine onderzoekseenheden)
- Geen cijfers.
Subjectief
- Kwalitatief betekent subjectief.
,- “While it is true that we may be led astray by subjective factors (whether conceived of as
mental, inner, inexplicit, particular or whatever), it is also the case that we are inevitably
dependent upon personal knowledge, capabilities and motivations in producing any
evidence or conclusions.
For instance, we cannot avoid relying upon our senses in making observations, and these
are in important respect, of subjective, culturally constituted and cannot be separated from
expectations or habits. Nor is it possible to reduce them entirely to the following of explicit
procedures (…). Much of the same applies to the processes of inference involved in
producing evidence from data and drawing conclusions from it. Here, we cannot operate
entirely in the manner of a calculating machine, we cannot avoid employing
assumptions, ampliative inference and imagination.” (Hammersley)
- Hammersley
o Afhankelijk van: persoonlijke kennis, motivatie
- Reflexiviteit
o Kwal. Onderzoekers heel bewust maken van eigen positie/standpunt→en welke
invloed hun interpretatie heeft op het onderzoek.
- Subjectief: NEE
o Zoveel mogelijk reflexief en transparant zijn
o Maar wel eigen interpretatie
Soft
- Kwalitatief onderzoek doet maar wat
- Enkel interpreteren volgends hun eigen visie
- “Through the grounded theory heuristics of field
note taking, theoretical sampling, coding along
various dimensions, memo writing, constant
comparing, and sorting and diagramming memos
(Charmaz 2006; Strauss 1987), qualitative
researchers are urged to subject their work to a
series of tedious and time-consuming
methodological sequences. Generally, taking
detailed field notes and precise transcriptions is
understood as a way to check against faulty memory
and against the tendency … to modify our field experience retroactively so that it fits better
with our theoretical proclivities or with the kind of narrative we want to tell (…). In this
sense, these steps do what many methodological guidelines do: They increase the
resistance of the phenomenon to our interpretations. Similarly, coding and memo writing
are designed to ensure that we thoroughly familiarize ourselves with our data, that we do
not forget the interactions we have been privy to once we put them down on the page.”
- Grounded theorie
o Grote benadering binnen kwal. Onderz.
o Zeer strikte procedures
o Extreme transparantie
o Zeer duidelijk je interpretatie staven
o Veel systemischer.
, - Dus kwal Ond. Soft?: NEE
o Kwal. Onder. Doen niet zomaar wat
o Gestructureerde processen die ze moeten volgen.
N=1
- Tweedeling al meer dan 100 jaar.
o Ofwel kwantitatief: N= ++++
o Oftewel kwalitatief: N=1
- Is nu niet meer aan de orde
- Kwalitatief meer data
- “The view that quantitative researchers look at many cases, while
qualitative researchers look at only one or a small number of cases,
can be maintained only by allowing considerable slippage in
what is meant by "case."
The ethnographer who interviews the employees of a firm in order to
uncover its informal organization has at least as much empirical data
as the researcher who uses these same interviews to construct a data
set appropriate for quantitative assessment of variation among
employees in job satisfaction. Both have data on employees and on
the firm, and both produce findings specific in time and place to that
single firm. Further, both researchers make sense of their findings by connecting them to
studies of other firms. Yet the ethnographer is said to have but one case and to be
conducting a case study, while the quantitative researcher is seen as having many cases.”
Geen cijfers (niet kwantificeerbaar)
- Bryman
o Woorden in plaats van cijfers.
o Hardnekkig onderscheid.
o Klopt niet volgens de prof.
- “An ethnographic study provides a thick description, in prose, of
a particular setting which is intended to uncover certain
features of other settings (not studied). The prose stretches for
five hundred pages in a draft manuscript and is rather repetitive; certain patterns are
repeated again and again. In an effort to reduce the sheer volume of descriptive material,
as well as to attain a more synthetic analysis, the researcher begins to code the results
of her labors into standardized categories: she counts. Has she, by committing the act of
numeracy, now converted a case study into some other type of study?” (Gerring)
- Gerring
o Kwal. Onderz.: 100de pagina’s aan uitgeschreven data
o Coderen om het hapbaar te maken.
o Is het dan kwantitatief?
