APHY 102 Final Actual Exam Questions and Answers |Fall
2026/2027 Update | 100% Correct Latest– Fall 2026/2027
Update (Ivy Tech College)
QUESTION 1:
Which of the following is the smallest living structural unit of the human body?
A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Cell
D. Organ
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of life; atoms and
molecules are chemical, not living, units.
QUESTION 2:
Homeostasis is best described as:
A. A static internal condition
B. A dynamic balance maintaining internal stability
C. The body’s response to injury
D. The process of absorption
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions using feedback mechanisms that
adapt to external changes.
QUESTION 3:
Which type of feedback enhances the direction of a stimulus (e.g., labor contractions)?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Neutral feedback
D. Inhibitory feedback
CORRECT ANSWER: A
,RATIONALE: Positive feedback amplifies deviations until a specific outcome is achieved, as in
oxytocin release during childbirth.
QUESTION 4:
The anatomical term “superior” means:
A. Closer to the midline
B. Toward the head
C. Toward the front
D. Away from the body surface
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: “Superior” describes a location toward the head, while “inferior” means toward the
feet.
QUESTION 5:
Which organ system regulates body activities using electrical impulses?
A. Endocrine
B. Digestive
C. Nervous
D. Circulatory
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: The nervous system uses rapid electrical signaling for control, unlike the slower
hormonal actions of the endocrine system.
QUESTION 6:
The plasma membrane is composed primarily of:
A. Phospholipids and proteins
B. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids
C. Collagen and elastin
D. Steroids and glucose
CORRECT ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins regulate substance movement across
the membrane.
,QUESTION 7:
Which process requires cellular energy (ATP)?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradients using ATP
energy.
QUESTION 8:
DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?
A. G1
B. S phase
C. G2
D. M phase
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: The synthesis (S) phase involves duplication of DNA to prepare for mitosis.
QUESTION 9:
Which connective tissue type stores energy and insulates the body?
A. Dense regular
B. Cartilage
C. Adipose
D. Areolar
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Adipose tissue stores triglycerides and acts as thermal insulation and protection.
QUESTION 10:
The skin’s outermost layer of dead, keratinized cells is called:
, A. Stratum basale
B. Dermis
C. Stratum corneum
D. Hypodermis
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: The stratum corneum forms the outer barrier protecting against water loss and
external harm.
QUESTION 11:
Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
CORRECT ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: UV radiation converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), vital for
calcium homeostasis.
QUESTION 12:
Which bone type contains red bone marrow for hematopoiesis?
A. Short bone
B. Flat bone
C. Irregular bone
D. Sesamoid bone
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Flat bones such as the sternum and skull contain red marrow that produces blood
cells.
QUESTION 13:
What structure connects muscle to bone?
A. Ligament
B. Tendon
2026/2027 Update | 100% Correct Latest– Fall 2026/2027
Update (Ivy Tech College)
QUESTION 1:
Which of the following is the smallest living structural unit of the human body?
A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Cell
D. Organ
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of life; atoms and
molecules are chemical, not living, units.
QUESTION 2:
Homeostasis is best described as:
A. A static internal condition
B. A dynamic balance maintaining internal stability
C. The body’s response to injury
D. The process of absorption
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions using feedback mechanisms that
adapt to external changes.
QUESTION 3:
Which type of feedback enhances the direction of a stimulus (e.g., labor contractions)?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Neutral feedback
D. Inhibitory feedback
CORRECT ANSWER: A
,RATIONALE: Positive feedback amplifies deviations until a specific outcome is achieved, as in
oxytocin release during childbirth.
QUESTION 4:
The anatomical term “superior” means:
A. Closer to the midline
B. Toward the head
C. Toward the front
D. Away from the body surface
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: “Superior” describes a location toward the head, while “inferior” means toward the
feet.
QUESTION 5:
Which organ system regulates body activities using electrical impulses?
A. Endocrine
B. Digestive
C. Nervous
D. Circulatory
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: The nervous system uses rapid electrical signaling for control, unlike the slower
hormonal actions of the endocrine system.
QUESTION 6:
The plasma membrane is composed primarily of:
A. Phospholipids and proteins
B. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids
C. Collagen and elastin
D. Steroids and glucose
CORRECT ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins regulate substance movement across
the membrane.
,QUESTION 7:
Which process requires cellular energy (ATP)?
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradients using ATP
energy.
QUESTION 8:
DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?
A. G1
B. S phase
C. G2
D. M phase
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: The synthesis (S) phase involves duplication of DNA to prepare for mitosis.
QUESTION 9:
Which connective tissue type stores energy and insulates the body?
A. Dense regular
B. Cartilage
C. Adipose
D. Areolar
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Adipose tissue stores triglycerides and acts as thermal insulation and protection.
QUESTION 10:
The skin’s outermost layer of dead, keratinized cells is called:
, A. Stratum basale
B. Dermis
C. Stratum corneum
D. Hypodermis
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: The stratum corneum forms the outer barrier protecting against water loss and
external harm.
QUESTION 11:
Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
CORRECT ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: UV radiation converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), vital for
calcium homeostasis.
QUESTION 12:
Which bone type contains red bone marrow for hematopoiesis?
A. Short bone
B. Flat bone
C. Irregular bone
D. Sesamoid bone
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Flat bones such as the sternum and skull contain red marrow that produces blood
cells.
QUESTION 13:
What structure connects muscle to bone?
A. Ligament
B. Tendon
