NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide Exam
and Actual Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
Prodrug - Answer An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by
various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - Answer the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - Answer stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the
drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - Answer The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the
body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - Answer the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before
entering other organs
does not - Answer bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - Answer relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - Answer -chemical instability
-solubility
, Cytochrome P450 - Answer -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin,
principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex.
warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - Answer An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - Answer An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - Answer prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism;
individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced
antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - Answer how often a drug is administered
4-5 - Answer steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - Answer -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - Answer warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - Answer -rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits
factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
and Actual Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
Prodrug - Answer An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by
various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - Answer the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - Answer stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the
drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - Answer The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the
body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - Answer the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before
entering other organs
does not - Answer bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - Answer relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - Answer -chemical instability
-solubility
, Cytochrome P450 - Answer -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin,
principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex.
warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - Answer An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - Answer An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate
resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - Answer prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism;
individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced
antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - Answer how often a drug is administered
4-5 - Answer steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - Answer -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - Answer warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - Answer -rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits
factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
