LDR 201 ACTUAL CORE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS A+
2025
✔✔Contingency/Situational Theory - ✔✔"the reciprocal process of mobilizing by
persons with certain motives and values, various economic, political and other
resources in a context of competition and conflist, in order to realize goals
independently or mutally held by both leaders and followers" contextual and specific to
the situation on hand
✔✔Transactional/Transformational Theory - ✔✔leadership is about getting followers to
do what the leader wants. rewards play a big role. "leadership occurs when one or mroe
persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another
to higher levels of motivation and morality"
✔✔disrupting normativity - ✔✔intentionally identify the ignorance that a theory may
have. bring out the norms, what is normal? reconstruction
✔✔attending to power - ✔✔identifying the flows of power through the theory whether it
is acknowledged or not. how would differences in power occur based on who was
placed into the theory? reconstruction
✔✔cultivating agency - ✔✔the development of personal and collective agency is central
to the purpose of leadership. development isn't just a by-product. reconstruction
✔✔building interest convergence - ✔✔forming coalitions and not assuming people will
follow your reconstructed theory/social justice just because it is the right thing to do.
reconstruction
✔✔management activities - ✔✔- planning and budgeting
- organizing and staffing
- controlling and problem solving
✔✔leadership activities - ✔✔- establishing direction
- aligning people
- motivating/inspiring
✔✔Stogdill 1948 - ✔✔intelligence, alertness, insight, responsibility, initiative,
persistence, self-confidence, sociability. important leadership traits that were related to
how individuals became leaders. argued more moderately that both traits and situational
factors were determinants of leadership
✔✔Mann 1959 - ✔✔intelligence, masculinity, adjustment, dominance, extraversion,
conservatism. certain traits used to distinguish between leaders and non-leaders
, ✔✔Lord, DeVader, & Alliger - ✔✔individuals perceive leaders by: intelligence,
masculinity, dominance. traits could be used to make discriminations consistently
across situations between leaders and non-leaders
✔✔Kirkpatrick and Locke - ✔✔leaders differ from non-leaders with 6 traits: drive,
motivation, integrity, confidence, cognitive ability, task knowledge
✔✔Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader - ✔✔"social intelligence"
cognitive ability, extraversion, concientiousness, emotional stability, opennes,
agreeableness, motivation, social intelligence, self-monitoring, problem-solving
✔✔OCEAN - ✔✔openness (next most), consientiousness, extraversion (most strongly
associated with leadership), agreeableness, neuroticism
✔✔strengths of trait approach - ✔✔intuitively appealing, highlights leadership
component, credibility, provides benchmarks for what to look for in leader
✔✔criticism of trait approach - ✔✔fails to delimit a list of traits, highly subjective, does
not take situation into account, research fails to look at traits in relationship to leadership
outcomes, not useful for training and development
✔✔skills approach - ✔✔emphasis on skills and abilities that can be learned and
developed. the ability to use one's knowledge and competencies to accomplish a set of
goals and objectives. primarily descriptive
✔✔Katz 1955, 3 skill approach - ✔✔technical - things
human - people
conceptual - ideas
✔✔technical skill - ✔✔having knowledge about and being proficient in a specific type of
work or activity. involves hands-on, most important at lower levels of management
✔✔human skill - ✔✔being able to work with people
✔✔conceptual skill - ✔✔ability to do the mental work of shaping meaning of
organizational policy or issues
✔✔skills based model - ✔✔1990s - researching to dvelop a theory of leadership based
on problem-solving skills in organizations. focused on army officers and various
situatuions of leading
✔✔environmental influence of skills approach - ✔✔internal - outdated technology, skill
level of employees
external - economic, political, or social issues
2025
✔✔Contingency/Situational Theory - ✔✔"the reciprocal process of mobilizing by
persons with certain motives and values, various economic, political and other
resources in a context of competition and conflist, in order to realize goals
independently or mutally held by both leaders and followers" contextual and specific to
the situation on hand
✔✔Transactional/Transformational Theory - ✔✔leadership is about getting followers to
do what the leader wants. rewards play a big role. "leadership occurs when one or mroe
persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another
to higher levels of motivation and morality"
✔✔disrupting normativity - ✔✔intentionally identify the ignorance that a theory may
have. bring out the norms, what is normal? reconstruction
✔✔attending to power - ✔✔identifying the flows of power through the theory whether it
is acknowledged or not. how would differences in power occur based on who was
placed into the theory? reconstruction
✔✔cultivating agency - ✔✔the development of personal and collective agency is central
to the purpose of leadership. development isn't just a by-product. reconstruction
✔✔building interest convergence - ✔✔forming coalitions and not assuming people will
follow your reconstructed theory/social justice just because it is the right thing to do.
reconstruction
✔✔management activities - ✔✔- planning and budgeting
- organizing and staffing
- controlling and problem solving
✔✔leadership activities - ✔✔- establishing direction
- aligning people
- motivating/inspiring
✔✔Stogdill 1948 - ✔✔intelligence, alertness, insight, responsibility, initiative,
persistence, self-confidence, sociability. important leadership traits that were related to
how individuals became leaders. argued more moderately that both traits and situational
factors were determinants of leadership
✔✔Mann 1959 - ✔✔intelligence, masculinity, adjustment, dominance, extraversion,
conservatism. certain traits used to distinguish between leaders and non-leaders
, ✔✔Lord, DeVader, & Alliger - ✔✔individuals perceive leaders by: intelligence,
masculinity, dominance. traits could be used to make discriminations consistently
across situations between leaders and non-leaders
✔✔Kirkpatrick and Locke - ✔✔leaders differ from non-leaders with 6 traits: drive,
motivation, integrity, confidence, cognitive ability, task knowledge
✔✔Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader - ✔✔"social intelligence"
cognitive ability, extraversion, concientiousness, emotional stability, opennes,
agreeableness, motivation, social intelligence, self-monitoring, problem-solving
✔✔OCEAN - ✔✔openness (next most), consientiousness, extraversion (most strongly
associated with leadership), agreeableness, neuroticism
✔✔strengths of trait approach - ✔✔intuitively appealing, highlights leadership
component, credibility, provides benchmarks for what to look for in leader
✔✔criticism of trait approach - ✔✔fails to delimit a list of traits, highly subjective, does
not take situation into account, research fails to look at traits in relationship to leadership
outcomes, not useful for training and development
✔✔skills approach - ✔✔emphasis on skills and abilities that can be learned and
developed. the ability to use one's knowledge and competencies to accomplish a set of
goals and objectives. primarily descriptive
✔✔Katz 1955, 3 skill approach - ✔✔technical - things
human - people
conceptual - ideas
✔✔technical skill - ✔✔having knowledge about and being proficient in a specific type of
work or activity. involves hands-on, most important at lower levels of management
✔✔human skill - ✔✔being able to work with people
✔✔conceptual skill - ✔✔ability to do the mental work of shaping meaning of
organizational policy or issues
✔✔skills based model - ✔✔1990s - researching to dvelop a theory of leadership based
on problem-solving skills in organizations. focused on army officers and various
situatuions of leading
✔✔environmental influence of skills approach - ✔✔internal - outdated technology, skill
level of employees
external - economic, political, or social issues
