DATA ANALYSIS
Introduction to descriptive statistics
SUMMARY
1. Basic concepts and types of variables..................................................................................................... 1
Population and Samples ........................................................................................................................ 1
Data sets, Variables, Observations ........................................................................................................ 2
Types of variables ................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Focus on categorical variables ................................................................................................................ 3
Basic analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Frequency distribution ............................................................................................................................ 3
Cumulative frequencies .......................................................................................................................... 4
Formulas & Tutorials ....................................................................................................................................... 4
To calculate the frequency ..................................................................................................................... 4
To calculate the relative frequency ....................................................................................................... 5
Tutorials ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Relative frequency into percentage ........................................................................................................ 6
To filter the Data ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Conditional formating ............................................................................................................................. 9
1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TYPES OF VARIABLES
POPULATION AND SAMPLES
• A population includes all the entities of interest in a study.
o Issue: Sometimes, the population is too large for the study to work efficiently.
• A Sample is a subset of the population, often chosen randomly, and ideally representative of the
population.
, Population
Sample
DATA SETS, VARIABLES, OBSERVATIONS
• A data set is typically a rectangular table of data, with variables in columns and observations in
rows.
• A variable (or field or attribute) is a characteristic of members of a population (e.g., height,
gender, …).
• An observation (or case/record) is a list of all variable values for a single member of a population.
3 variables
Data set
18 observations
TYPES OF VARIABLES
Introduction to descriptive statistics
SUMMARY
1. Basic concepts and types of variables..................................................................................................... 1
Population and Samples ........................................................................................................................ 1
Data sets, Variables, Observations ........................................................................................................ 2
Types of variables ................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Focus on categorical variables ................................................................................................................ 3
Basic analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Frequency distribution ............................................................................................................................ 3
Cumulative frequencies .......................................................................................................................... 4
Formulas & Tutorials ....................................................................................................................................... 4
To calculate the frequency ..................................................................................................................... 4
To calculate the relative frequency ....................................................................................................... 5
Tutorials ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Relative frequency into percentage ........................................................................................................ 6
To filter the Data ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Conditional formating ............................................................................................................................. 9
1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TYPES OF VARIABLES
POPULATION AND SAMPLES
• A population includes all the entities of interest in a study.
o Issue: Sometimes, the population is too large for the study to work efficiently.
• A Sample is a subset of the population, often chosen randomly, and ideally representative of the
population.
, Population
Sample
DATA SETS, VARIABLES, OBSERVATIONS
• A data set is typically a rectangular table of data, with variables in columns and observations in
rows.
• A variable (or field or attribute) is a characteristic of members of a population (e.g., height,
gender, …).
• An observation (or case/record) is a list of all variable values for a single member of a population.
3 variables
Data set
18 observations
TYPES OF VARIABLES
