NAVLE CORE TIPS ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS SET
A+
✔✔Which one of the following sets of conditions predispose a cow to metritis?
A - Dystocia, overfeeding in dry period, Ca-P imbalance in feed
B - Agalactia, milk fever, bovine vibriosis
C - Strep. agalactiae mastitis, retained placenta, laminitis
D - Milk fever, malnutrition, excess dietary zinc
E - Contaminated calving environment, abortion, hypomagnesemia - ✔✔A
Cows are predisposed to post-parturient bovine metritis by many things, including:
-Dystocia
-Overfeeding in dry period
-Ca-P imbalance in feed
Cows are also predisposed to metritis by:
-Retained placenta
-Contaminated calving environment
-Abortion
-Malnutrition
In cattle, the causative bacterial organisms isolated most often are Trueperella
pyogenes alone or with Fusobacterium necrophorum or other gram-negative
anaerobes.
Note the name changes - Trueperella pyogenes used to be called Arcanobacterium
pyogenes and before that it was classified as Corynebacterium pyogenes.
Specific diseases associated with bovine metritis or endometritis include brucellosis,
leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, and bovine campylobacter.
✔✔In canine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, a chemistry panel would show:
A - Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
,B - Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
C - Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia
D - Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia - ✔✔D
The correct answer is hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia. Patients with primary
hyperparathyroidism would have hypercalcemia and normo to hypophosphatemia due
to the law of mass action in which phosphorus decreases as calcium increases and vice
versa.
✔✔A horse presents to your clinic after ingesting a large amount of grain. What is your
major concern?
A - Torsion
B - Acidosis
C - Impaction
D - Choke
E - Laminitis - ✔✔E
The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis, endotoxemia, and
diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload and appropriate therapy to
evacuate any remaining stomach contents, ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis
should be instituted immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly
administered.
✔✔A 2-year old male castrated mixed breed dog presents for an altered gait after being
hit by a car. On physical exam, the thoracic limbs had decreased biceps and triceps
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. The pelvic limbs had hyper-reflexive patellar and
gastrocnemius reflexes and increased muscle tone. Where is the spinal cord lesion?
A - L4-S3
B - C1-C5
C - T3-L3
D - C6-T2 - ✔✔D
The correct answer is C6-T2. In a dog, the spinal cord is divided into the four regions
listed above. Upper motor neuron signs include hyper-reflexia of spinal reflexes and
increased muscle tone. Lower motor neuron signs include decreased or absent spinal
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. A lesion between the C6-T2 spinal cord segments
would result in lower motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and upper motor neuron
signs in the pelvic limbs, as described in the patient in the question.
A lesion between C1-C5 spinal cord segments would manifest as upper motor neuron
signs in the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
Lesions between T3-L3 spinal cord segments would not affect the thoracic limbs, but
would manifest as upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
,Lesions between L4-S3 spinal cord segments would result in normal thoracic limbs and
lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
✔✔Which of the following is a causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
as shown in this image?
A - Thelazia
B - Histophilus somni
C - Moraxella bovis
D - E. coli - ✔✔C
The correct answer is Moraxella bovis. Thelazia is the eye worm. Histophilus somni is a
cause of many syndromes, but is rarely found in the eye. E. coli is not an ocular
pathogen.
✔✔An 11-year old Peruvian Paso presents with a history of progressive weight loss.
Serum chemistry shows elevation in sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate, alkaline
phosphatase, and a decrease in albumin. A vast amount of Crotalaria spp. is seen in
the pasture. What type of toxin does Crotalaria spp. possess?
A - Nitrate
B - Organophosphate
C - Cyanide
D - Pyrrolizidine alkaloid - ✔✔D
The correct answer is pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The clinical signs described are typical for
pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Consumption of this plant typically results in abnormalities
in hepatic cell division; thus resulting in large hepatocytes known as megalocytosis.
✔✔Acromegaly is associated with what 3 diseases in cats?
A - Hypoadrenocorticism, Congestive heart failure, Hepatic lipidosis
B - Hyperadrenocorticism, Pleural effusion, Lameness
C - Diabetes mellitus, Cardiomyopathy, Renal disease
D - Prognathism, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary Hypertension
E - Vertebral spondylosis, 3rd degree heart block, Glomerulonephritis - ✔✔C
Think first of Diabetes mellitus in OLDER MALE cats (ave. 10 yr, 90% male) with Feline
acromegaly. First presenting sign may be PU/PD, polyphagia of diabetes. WEIGHT
GAIN in an unregulated diabetic cat STRONGLY SUGGESTS acromegaly. Think also
of Cardiomyopathy (~50%; see weakness, dyspnea, systolic murmur,
cardiomegaly/CHF, pulmonary edema ). Think also of RENAL disease (~50%; see
proteinuria, USpG 1.015-1.025, (and glucosuria from Dm)).
May see prognathism (long mandible), lameness (esp. cats), marked vertebral
spondylosis.
, ✔✔You diagnose a dog with mites. Which of the following mites is not contagious to
other dogs?
A - Demodex spp.
B - Cheyletiella spp.
C - Sarcoptes spp.
D - Psoroptes spp. - ✔✔A
The correct answer is Demodex. Demodex mites are a natural inhabitant of skin.
Clinical signs of a Demodex infection usually occur in puppies or immune-suppressed
animals. The other mites listed are considered contagious.
✔✔A 7 year old female spayed Border Collie is presented with two very goopy, gunk-
covered eyes. A Schirmer tear test finds less than 10 mm/minute of wetting, a
decreased result from the normal of at least 15mm / minute of wetting.
The owner reports that the dog has been on "some kind of medicine" for the last 10
days, but it is actually his girlfriend's dog, and he doesn't know what the medicine is.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) secondary to the drug is suspected. Which drug may
be causing the KCS?
A - Amitraz
B - Trimethoprim sulfa
C - Griseofulvin
D - Itraconazole
E - Prednisolone - ✔✔B
Systemic sulfonamides like trimethoprim sulfa have been associated with
keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), sometimes irreversibly.
Another drug-associated cause of TRANSIENT KCS is the combination of recent
general anesthesia and atropine.
Other causes of KCS include: Distemper, Immunologic (think ATOPY), Breed (Pugs,
Yorkies), and trauma (Proptosed eyeball).
✔✔Retained placenta and metritis can predispose to which one of the following
secondary conditions in horses?
A - Laminitis
B - Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome
C - Contagious equine metritis
D - Cystic endometriosis
E - Colic - ✔✔A
A+
✔✔Which one of the following sets of conditions predispose a cow to metritis?
A - Dystocia, overfeeding in dry period, Ca-P imbalance in feed
B - Agalactia, milk fever, bovine vibriosis
C - Strep. agalactiae mastitis, retained placenta, laminitis
D - Milk fever, malnutrition, excess dietary zinc
E - Contaminated calving environment, abortion, hypomagnesemia - ✔✔A
Cows are predisposed to post-parturient bovine metritis by many things, including:
-Dystocia
-Overfeeding in dry period
-Ca-P imbalance in feed
Cows are also predisposed to metritis by:
-Retained placenta
-Contaminated calving environment
-Abortion
-Malnutrition
In cattle, the causative bacterial organisms isolated most often are Trueperella
pyogenes alone or with Fusobacterium necrophorum or other gram-negative
anaerobes.
Note the name changes - Trueperella pyogenes used to be called Arcanobacterium
pyogenes and before that it was classified as Corynebacterium pyogenes.
Specific diseases associated with bovine metritis or endometritis include brucellosis,
leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, and bovine campylobacter.
✔✔In canine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, a chemistry panel would show:
A - Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
,B - Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
C - Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia
D - Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia - ✔✔D
The correct answer is hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia. Patients with primary
hyperparathyroidism would have hypercalcemia and normo to hypophosphatemia due
to the law of mass action in which phosphorus decreases as calcium increases and vice
versa.
✔✔A horse presents to your clinic after ingesting a large amount of grain. What is your
major concern?
A - Torsion
B - Acidosis
C - Impaction
D - Choke
E - Laminitis - ✔✔E
The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis, endotoxemia, and
diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload and appropriate therapy to
evacuate any remaining stomach contents, ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis
should be instituted immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly
administered.
✔✔A 2-year old male castrated mixed breed dog presents for an altered gait after being
hit by a car. On physical exam, the thoracic limbs had decreased biceps and triceps
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. The pelvic limbs had hyper-reflexive patellar and
gastrocnemius reflexes and increased muscle tone. Where is the spinal cord lesion?
A - L4-S3
B - C1-C5
C - T3-L3
D - C6-T2 - ✔✔D
The correct answer is C6-T2. In a dog, the spinal cord is divided into the four regions
listed above. Upper motor neuron signs include hyper-reflexia of spinal reflexes and
increased muscle tone. Lower motor neuron signs include decreased or absent spinal
reflexes and decreased muscle tone. A lesion between the C6-T2 spinal cord segments
would result in lower motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and upper motor neuron
signs in the pelvic limbs, as described in the patient in the question.
A lesion between C1-C5 spinal cord segments would manifest as upper motor neuron
signs in the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
Lesions between T3-L3 spinal cord segments would not affect the thoracic limbs, but
would manifest as upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
,Lesions between L4-S3 spinal cord segments would result in normal thoracic limbs and
lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
✔✔Which of the following is a causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
as shown in this image?
A - Thelazia
B - Histophilus somni
C - Moraxella bovis
D - E. coli - ✔✔C
The correct answer is Moraxella bovis. Thelazia is the eye worm. Histophilus somni is a
cause of many syndromes, but is rarely found in the eye. E. coli is not an ocular
pathogen.
✔✔An 11-year old Peruvian Paso presents with a history of progressive weight loss.
Serum chemistry shows elevation in sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate, alkaline
phosphatase, and a decrease in albumin. A vast amount of Crotalaria spp. is seen in
the pasture. What type of toxin does Crotalaria spp. possess?
A - Nitrate
B - Organophosphate
C - Cyanide
D - Pyrrolizidine alkaloid - ✔✔D
The correct answer is pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The clinical signs described are typical for
pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Consumption of this plant typically results in abnormalities
in hepatic cell division; thus resulting in large hepatocytes known as megalocytosis.
✔✔Acromegaly is associated with what 3 diseases in cats?
A - Hypoadrenocorticism, Congestive heart failure, Hepatic lipidosis
B - Hyperadrenocorticism, Pleural effusion, Lameness
C - Diabetes mellitus, Cardiomyopathy, Renal disease
D - Prognathism, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary Hypertension
E - Vertebral spondylosis, 3rd degree heart block, Glomerulonephritis - ✔✔C
Think first of Diabetes mellitus in OLDER MALE cats (ave. 10 yr, 90% male) with Feline
acromegaly. First presenting sign may be PU/PD, polyphagia of diabetes. WEIGHT
GAIN in an unregulated diabetic cat STRONGLY SUGGESTS acromegaly. Think also
of Cardiomyopathy (~50%; see weakness, dyspnea, systolic murmur,
cardiomegaly/CHF, pulmonary edema ). Think also of RENAL disease (~50%; see
proteinuria, USpG 1.015-1.025, (and glucosuria from Dm)).
May see prognathism (long mandible), lameness (esp. cats), marked vertebral
spondylosis.
, ✔✔You diagnose a dog with mites. Which of the following mites is not contagious to
other dogs?
A - Demodex spp.
B - Cheyletiella spp.
C - Sarcoptes spp.
D - Psoroptes spp. - ✔✔A
The correct answer is Demodex. Demodex mites are a natural inhabitant of skin.
Clinical signs of a Demodex infection usually occur in puppies or immune-suppressed
animals. The other mites listed are considered contagious.
✔✔A 7 year old female spayed Border Collie is presented with two very goopy, gunk-
covered eyes. A Schirmer tear test finds less than 10 mm/minute of wetting, a
decreased result from the normal of at least 15mm / minute of wetting.
The owner reports that the dog has been on "some kind of medicine" for the last 10
days, but it is actually his girlfriend's dog, and he doesn't know what the medicine is.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) secondary to the drug is suspected. Which drug may
be causing the KCS?
A - Amitraz
B - Trimethoprim sulfa
C - Griseofulvin
D - Itraconazole
E - Prednisolone - ✔✔B
Systemic sulfonamides like trimethoprim sulfa have been associated with
keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), sometimes irreversibly.
Another drug-associated cause of TRANSIENT KCS is the combination of recent
general anesthesia and atropine.
Other causes of KCS include: Distemper, Immunologic (think ATOPY), Breed (Pugs,
Yorkies), and trauma (Proptosed eyeball).
✔✔Retained placenta and metritis can predispose to which one of the following
secondary conditions in horses?
A - Laminitis
B - Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome
C - Contagious equine metritis
D - Cystic endometriosis
E - Colic - ✔✔A
