NAVLE ALL A REVIEW TIPS ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What is the main mode of transmission for feline leukemia virus?
A - Aerosol transmission
B - Shedding of virus via feces
C - Fomite transmission
D - Shedding of virus via saliva - ✔✔D
The correct answer is shedding of virus via saliva. The main mode of transmission is via
saliva. It requires prolonged, close contact. Cats may shed the virus for months to
years. Transmission may also occur through reuse of instruments and blood. Virus is
shed in saliva, tears, urine, and feces.
✔✔You are working with a farmer who is having trouble with calves between the age of
2 weeks and 6 months. They are alert, but weak, dyspneic and die suddenly. On
necropsy they have pale cardiac and skeletal muscles. What is the farmer's problem?
A - Copper deficiency
B - Sorghum toxicity
C - Lightning strike
D - Selenium deficiency - ✔✔D
The correct answer is selenium deficiency. The pale muscle and clinical signs are
classic for vitamin E and selenium deficiency. This is important to remember! Other
things that should be on your differential list for this case include cardiotoxic plants.
✔✔A 6-year old intact male domestic short haired cat presents with acute onset
exophthalmos of the right eye in the past 2 days. He is painful on palpation around his
eye and head. The eye can be retropulsed with minimal resistance. He has not been
eating in the past day and has a rectal temperature of 103.4F (39.7 C). What is the most
likely diagnosis?
A - Orbital neoplasia
,B - Retrobulbar abscess
C - Anterior uveitis
D - Glaucoma - ✔✔B
The answer is a retrobulbar abscess. Acute, painful exophthalmos is usually due to
retrobulbar abscessation. These lesions are usually painful and may be swollen. These
animals are frequently systemically ill with fever and leukocytosis. Causes of retrobulbar
abscesses include penetrating wounds, foreign bodies, spread from dental or sinus
infection, and hematogenous spread. Glaucoma does not cause exophthalmos,
although, chronically it can cause buphthalmos which may appear similar. Anterior
uveitis also does not cause exophthalmos.
✔✔You are an associate veterinarian paid a base salary of $55,000 annually, plus a 8
% bonus based on receipts above your monthly production goal of $23,000. Bonuses
are paid quarterly. Your last three month's production were:
$23,000, $28,000, and $27,000.
How much is your quarterly bonus?
A - $670
B - $840
C - $720
D - $810
E - $900 - ✔✔C $720
If $23,000 is the monthly production goal, then the month you brought in $23,000 does
not count towards a bonus.
In the second month, $ 28,000 = $5000 above goal
In the third month $ 27,000 = $4000 above goal
Total above production goal = $5000+$4000= $9000
$9000 X (0.08 bonus rate) = $720.
Many practices use a combination system with a base salary and a production-based
bonus if you bring in more than a monthly production goal, but no penalty if you are
below that monthly goal, which is good if you are a new graduate, and helps in low
traffic months at the clinic.
✔✔A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump the owner found
a month ago. She was spayed last year before she was adopted from the shelter. The
owner states that the lump has grown over the last month, and it doesn't seem to bother
the cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on the left 2nd mammary gland, and no
,other lumps are noted. The lump is freely moveable, and chest radiographs are clear.
What is the chance that this tumor is malignant?
A - 5%
B - 50%
C - 20%
D - 85% - ✔✔D
70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat before 6 months of
age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by 7 fold.
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single mammary mass.
✔✔This 25 year old Quarter Horse mare is presented for evaluation in July in the
northern hemisphere. She is diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
Which one of the following medications would be most likely to be beneficial to this
mare?
A - Isoxsuprine
B - Glucocorticoids
C - Pentoxifylline
D - Pergolide
E - Methimazole - ✔✔D
Pergolide is the treatment of choice for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID).
PPID is characterized by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the
hypothalamus that normally exert an inhibitory action on the pituitary pars intermedia,
resulting in functional adenomas in the pars intermedia that produce high levels of
adrenocorticotropin hormone.
Clinical signs and laboratory findings include hypertrichosis, poor muscle tone, laminitis,
hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and increased susceptibility to infection.
Diagnosis is commonly made by documenting increases in plasma adrenocorticotropin
hormone levels in affected animals.
✔✔An aged intact female potbellied pig presents for evaluation of abdominal distension.
A large mass contiguous with the uterine wall is discovered with ultrasound exam of the
abdomen. Which of the following choices is the most likely cause of this finding?
A - Uterine leiomyoma
B - Endometritis
C - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
D - Lymphosarcoma
E - Endometrial hyperplasia - ✔✔A
, The most likely cause of a large uterine mass in an intact female potbellied pig is a
uterine leiomyoma. These tumors do not typically metastasize so a cure may be
achieved by surgical removal of the uterus.
✔✔A 10-year old German Shepherd presents to you with the complaint of licking the
anal area and scooting. On examination, you find numerous ulcerated tracts in the
perianal area that are draining purulent fluid. What is the diagnosis?
A - Perianal fistula
B - Clostridial colitis
C - Anal sac abscess
D - Anal sac impaction - ✔✔A
The correct answer is perianal fistula. This is seen mainly in older German Shepherds,
and licking the anus is a common presenting complaint. The key finding is the presence
of multiple draining tracts in the perianal region that can actually be quite deep.
✔✔Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with "roaring" in horses.
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch off of which cranial nerve?
A - Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
B - Facial (CN 7)
C - Trigeminal (CN 5)
D - Hypoglossal (CN 12)
E - Vagus (CN 10) - ✔✔E
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus (CN 10)) causes
laryngeal hemiplegia - a paralysis of the abductor muscle (dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle)
controlling the glottic cleft in the larynx.
This allows the vocal fold (usually left side) to evert into the lumen of the larynx,
obstructing airflow, leading to a roaring sound, and most importantly, slowing the horse.
✔✔Oral administration of which of these drugs has been implicated as a cause of
esophageal strictures in cats?
A - Doxycycline
B - Azithromycin
C - Diazepam
D - Potassium bromide - ✔✔A
The correct answer is doxycycline. There is also evidence that clindamycin can cause
stricture formation. For this reason, it is recommended that after pilling a cat with
doxycycline, it is followed with a small volume (5-10 mls) of water.
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What is the main mode of transmission for feline leukemia virus?
A - Aerosol transmission
B - Shedding of virus via feces
C - Fomite transmission
D - Shedding of virus via saliva - ✔✔D
The correct answer is shedding of virus via saliva. The main mode of transmission is via
saliva. It requires prolonged, close contact. Cats may shed the virus for months to
years. Transmission may also occur through reuse of instruments and blood. Virus is
shed in saliva, tears, urine, and feces.
✔✔You are working with a farmer who is having trouble with calves between the age of
2 weeks and 6 months. They are alert, but weak, dyspneic and die suddenly. On
necropsy they have pale cardiac and skeletal muscles. What is the farmer's problem?
A - Copper deficiency
B - Sorghum toxicity
C - Lightning strike
D - Selenium deficiency - ✔✔D
The correct answer is selenium deficiency. The pale muscle and clinical signs are
classic for vitamin E and selenium deficiency. This is important to remember! Other
things that should be on your differential list for this case include cardiotoxic plants.
✔✔A 6-year old intact male domestic short haired cat presents with acute onset
exophthalmos of the right eye in the past 2 days. He is painful on palpation around his
eye and head. The eye can be retropulsed with minimal resistance. He has not been
eating in the past day and has a rectal temperature of 103.4F (39.7 C). What is the most
likely diagnosis?
A - Orbital neoplasia
,B - Retrobulbar abscess
C - Anterior uveitis
D - Glaucoma - ✔✔B
The answer is a retrobulbar abscess. Acute, painful exophthalmos is usually due to
retrobulbar abscessation. These lesions are usually painful and may be swollen. These
animals are frequently systemically ill with fever and leukocytosis. Causes of retrobulbar
abscesses include penetrating wounds, foreign bodies, spread from dental or sinus
infection, and hematogenous spread. Glaucoma does not cause exophthalmos,
although, chronically it can cause buphthalmos which may appear similar. Anterior
uveitis also does not cause exophthalmos.
✔✔You are an associate veterinarian paid a base salary of $55,000 annually, plus a 8
% bonus based on receipts above your monthly production goal of $23,000. Bonuses
are paid quarterly. Your last three month's production were:
$23,000, $28,000, and $27,000.
How much is your quarterly bonus?
A - $670
B - $840
C - $720
D - $810
E - $900 - ✔✔C $720
If $23,000 is the monthly production goal, then the month you brought in $23,000 does
not count towards a bonus.
In the second month, $ 28,000 = $5000 above goal
In the third month $ 27,000 = $4000 above goal
Total above production goal = $5000+$4000= $9000
$9000 X (0.08 bonus rate) = $720.
Many practices use a combination system with a base salary and a production-based
bonus if you bring in more than a monthly production goal, but no penalty if you are
below that monthly goal, which is good if you are a new graduate, and helps in low
traffic months at the clinic.
✔✔A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump the owner found
a month ago. She was spayed last year before she was adopted from the shelter. The
owner states that the lump has grown over the last month, and it doesn't seem to bother
the cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on the left 2nd mammary gland, and no
,other lumps are noted. The lump is freely moveable, and chest radiographs are clear.
What is the chance that this tumor is malignant?
A - 5%
B - 50%
C - 20%
D - 85% - ✔✔D
70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat before 6 months of
age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by 7 fold.
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single mammary mass.
✔✔This 25 year old Quarter Horse mare is presented for evaluation in July in the
northern hemisphere. She is diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
Which one of the following medications would be most likely to be beneficial to this
mare?
A - Isoxsuprine
B - Glucocorticoids
C - Pentoxifylline
D - Pergolide
E - Methimazole - ✔✔D
Pergolide is the treatment of choice for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID).
PPID is characterized by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the
hypothalamus that normally exert an inhibitory action on the pituitary pars intermedia,
resulting in functional adenomas in the pars intermedia that produce high levels of
adrenocorticotropin hormone.
Clinical signs and laboratory findings include hypertrichosis, poor muscle tone, laminitis,
hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and increased susceptibility to infection.
Diagnosis is commonly made by documenting increases in plasma adrenocorticotropin
hormone levels in affected animals.
✔✔An aged intact female potbellied pig presents for evaluation of abdominal distension.
A large mass contiguous with the uterine wall is discovered with ultrasound exam of the
abdomen. Which of the following choices is the most likely cause of this finding?
A - Uterine leiomyoma
B - Endometritis
C - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
D - Lymphosarcoma
E - Endometrial hyperplasia - ✔✔A
, The most likely cause of a large uterine mass in an intact female potbellied pig is a
uterine leiomyoma. These tumors do not typically metastasize so a cure may be
achieved by surgical removal of the uterus.
✔✔A 10-year old German Shepherd presents to you with the complaint of licking the
anal area and scooting. On examination, you find numerous ulcerated tracts in the
perianal area that are draining purulent fluid. What is the diagnosis?
A - Perianal fistula
B - Clostridial colitis
C - Anal sac abscess
D - Anal sac impaction - ✔✔A
The correct answer is perianal fistula. This is seen mainly in older German Shepherds,
and licking the anus is a common presenting complaint. The key finding is the presence
of multiple draining tracts in the perianal region that can actually be quite deep.
✔✔Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with "roaring" in horses.
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch off of which cranial nerve?
A - Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
B - Facial (CN 7)
C - Trigeminal (CN 5)
D - Hypoglossal (CN 12)
E - Vagus (CN 10) - ✔✔E
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus (CN 10)) causes
laryngeal hemiplegia - a paralysis of the abductor muscle (dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle)
controlling the glottic cleft in the larynx.
This allows the vocal fold (usually left side) to evert into the lumen of the larynx,
obstructing airflow, leading to a roaring sound, and most importantly, slowing the horse.
✔✔Oral administration of which of these drugs has been implicated as a cause of
esophageal strictures in cats?
A - Doxycycline
B - Azithromycin
C - Diazepam
D - Potassium bromide - ✔✔A
The correct answer is doxycycline. There is also evidence that clindamycin can cause
stricture formation. For this reason, it is recommended that after pilling a cat with
doxycycline, it is followed with a small volume (5-10 mls) of water.
