NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and
Pharmacology Assessment -Solved 100%
`Gout - ANS-Renal calculi can occur as a comorbid condition in patients with gout.
5HT3 receptor antagonists - ANS-inhibit serotonin receptors inside the
chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and also inhibit serotonin receptors on vagal
nerve terminals; these pharmacologic actions reduce nausea and vomiting.
A male with a past occurrence of cryptorchidism - ANS-has an increased risk of
developing testicular cancer
A pathologic fracture - ANS-a fracture occurring at the site of a pre-existing bone
abnormality, and occurs with a force that is considerably less than that which would
cause a bone fracture at a different site.
A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) - ANS-will have a laboratory finding of low
urine specific gravity
A patient with metabolic alkalosis and partial respiratory compensation - ANS-will
have symptoms of fatigue, cool pale hands and feet, a new-onset systolic heart
murmur, and vomiting coffee-ground looking material.
A patient with Type I diabetes who exercises heavily - ANS-may have symptoms of
hunger, headache, lightheadedness, confusion, tachycardia, and pallor due to
hypoglycemia.
A wart (lichen planus or verruca) - ANS-is a skin condition with elevated and firm
circumscribed lesions < 1 cm in diameter
Acetaminophen - ANS-analgesic and anti-pyretic activity, but not anti-inflammatory
activity
Acetaminophen overdose - ANS-May cause acute liver disorders (e.g., acute
hepatitis, hepatotoxicity); liver failure
Acute gouty attacks - ANS-are treated preferentially with NSAIDS e.g.,
indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac).
adrenal medulla - ANS-will increase secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine
and norepinephrine due to sympathetic stimulation caused by increased stress
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) - ANS-Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological
,and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or
nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, allergic
and idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multiple
medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
Adverse effects of opioid analgesic agents - ANS-include constipation, addiction,
overdose, sedation, and impaired daily functioning
Adverse topical corticosteroid effects include - ANS-thinning of the skin, dermatitis,
striae, purpura, local skin infections, and hypopigmentation
All Benzodiazepines - ANS-May cause drowsiness. Alcohol may intensify this effect.
Use care when operating a car or dangerous machinery
Avoid taking this medication with grapefruit juice or grapefruit specifically:
diazepam, triazolam; can increase falls in the elderly and other people unsteady on
their feet
All retinoids - ANS-can cause dry skin, skin irritation and peeling, a reddened skin
area, and photosensitivity
Allopurinol - ANS-the agent of choice for individuals with gout and high serum urate
levels with underlying renal dysfunction, history of tophaceous gout, or urinary
calculi.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade - ANS-results in vasodilation and reduced blood
pressure
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation - ANS-results in vasoconstriction and increased
blood pressure.
Alzheimer's - ANS-is the development of neurofibrillary tangles in the CNS
Amiodarone - ANS-is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart
failure; can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): - ANS-Candesartan (Atacand),
eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan
(Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
, ankylosing spondylitis - ANS-a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes
inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae; a chronic inflammatory joint
disease characterized by fusion and stiffening of the spine and sacroiliac joints.
Anti-emetic agents - ANS-antihistamines, phenothiazines (e.g. prochlorperazine),
5HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron[Zofran], granisetron).
Antibiograms - ANS-are charts of local antimicrobial resistance patterns developed
by local laboratories that record the susceptibility or organisms encountered
clinically
Antibiotics inhibit - ANS-Tetracycline, macrolide, azalide and aminoglycoside
antibiotics inhibit specific bacterial proteins
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ANS-promotes retention of water by kidneys; is
synthesized in the hypothalamus, and acts on the renal tubular cells
Antiepileptic agents - ANS-have many drug interactions, are therapeutically
monitored by measuring blood levels, and are not totally safe to use in a pregnant
patient
Antiepileptic Agents:
Seizures - ANS-Roughly 10% of the US population may experience at least one
seizure during their lifetime
Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) - ANS-reduce seizure activity by reducing sodium and/or
calcium influx into brain cells, increasing the inhibitory gamma-amino butyric acid
(GABA) activity, enhancing the influx of chloride, and interfering with excitatory
glutamate transmission
Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) - ANS-suppress seizure activity; they do not cure
epilepsy
arachnoid villi (granulations) - ANS-help recycle CSF to blood; look like little warts;
allow CSF to general circulation. Absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that
accumulates in the cerebral venous sinuses that surround the brain; the villi
maintains normal CSF volume and pressure
Asthma - ANS-*Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a short-acting beta-2
agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid.
*Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an inhaled low-dose corticosteroid
and a long-acting bronchodilator.
*Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)
plus a high-potency inhaled corticosteroid plus an oral corticosteroid drug.
Asthma treatment - ANS-*Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are
indicated only for PRN use.
Pharmacology Assessment -Solved 100%
`Gout - ANS-Renal calculi can occur as a comorbid condition in patients with gout.
5HT3 receptor antagonists - ANS-inhibit serotonin receptors inside the
chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and also inhibit serotonin receptors on vagal
nerve terminals; these pharmacologic actions reduce nausea and vomiting.
A male with a past occurrence of cryptorchidism - ANS-has an increased risk of
developing testicular cancer
A pathologic fracture - ANS-a fracture occurring at the site of a pre-existing bone
abnormality, and occurs with a force that is considerably less than that which would
cause a bone fracture at a different site.
A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) - ANS-will have a laboratory finding of low
urine specific gravity
A patient with metabolic alkalosis and partial respiratory compensation - ANS-will
have symptoms of fatigue, cool pale hands and feet, a new-onset systolic heart
murmur, and vomiting coffee-ground looking material.
A patient with Type I diabetes who exercises heavily - ANS-may have symptoms of
hunger, headache, lightheadedness, confusion, tachycardia, and pallor due to
hypoglycemia.
A wart (lichen planus or verruca) - ANS-is a skin condition with elevated and firm
circumscribed lesions < 1 cm in diameter
Acetaminophen - ANS-analgesic and anti-pyretic activity, but not anti-inflammatory
activity
Acetaminophen overdose - ANS-May cause acute liver disorders (e.g., acute
hepatitis, hepatotoxicity); liver failure
Acute gouty attacks - ANS-are treated preferentially with NSAIDS e.g.,
indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac).
adrenal medulla - ANS-will increase secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine
and norepinephrine due to sympathetic stimulation caused by increased stress
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) - ANS-Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological
,and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or
nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, allergic
and idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multiple
medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
Adverse effects of opioid analgesic agents - ANS-include constipation, addiction,
overdose, sedation, and impaired daily functioning
Adverse topical corticosteroid effects include - ANS-thinning of the skin, dermatitis,
striae, purpura, local skin infections, and hypopigmentation
All Benzodiazepines - ANS-May cause drowsiness. Alcohol may intensify this effect.
Use care when operating a car or dangerous machinery
Avoid taking this medication with grapefruit juice or grapefruit specifically:
diazepam, triazolam; can increase falls in the elderly and other people unsteady on
their feet
All retinoids - ANS-can cause dry skin, skin irritation and peeling, a reddened skin
area, and photosensitivity
Allopurinol - ANS-the agent of choice for individuals with gout and high serum urate
levels with underlying renal dysfunction, history of tophaceous gout, or urinary
calculi.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade - ANS-results in vasodilation and reduced blood
pressure
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation - ANS-results in vasoconstriction and increased
blood pressure.
Alzheimer's - ANS-is the development of neurofibrillary tangles in the CNS
Amiodarone - ANS-is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart
failure; can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): - ANS-Candesartan (Atacand),
eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan
(Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
, ankylosing spondylitis - ANS-a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes
inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae; a chronic inflammatory joint
disease characterized by fusion and stiffening of the spine and sacroiliac joints.
Anti-emetic agents - ANS-antihistamines, phenothiazines (e.g. prochlorperazine),
5HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron[Zofran], granisetron).
Antibiograms - ANS-are charts of local antimicrobial resistance patterns developed
by local laboratories that record the susceptibility or organisms encountered
clinically
Antibiotics inhibit - ANS-Tetracycline, macrolide, azalide and aminoglycoside
antibiotics inhibit specific bacterial proteins
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ANS-promotes retention of water by kidneys; is
synthesized in the hypothalamus, and acts on the renal tubular cells
Antiepileptic agents - ANS-have many drug interactions, are therapeutically
monitored by measuring blood levels, and are not totally safe to use in a pregnant
patient
Antiepileptic Agents:
Seizures - ANS-Roughly 10% of the US population may experience at least one
seizure during their lifetime
Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) - ANS-reduce seizure activity by reducing sodium and/or
calcium influx into brain cells, increasing the inhibitory gamma-amino butyric acid
(GABA) activity, enhancing the influx of chloride, and interfering with excitatory
glutamate transmission
Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) - ANS-suppress seizure activity; they do not cure
epilepsy
arachnoid villi (granulations) - ANS-help recycle CSF to blood; look like little warts;
allow CSF to general circulation. Absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that
accumulates in the cerebral venous sinuses that surround the brain; the villi
maintains normal CSF volume and pressure
Asthma - ANS-*Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a short-acting beta-2
agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid.
*Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an inhaled low-dose corticosteroid
and a long-acting bronchodilator.
*Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)
plus a high-potency inhaled corticosteroid plus an oral corticosteroid drug.
Asthma treatment - ANS-*Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are
indicated only for PRN use.
