PSY 201 FINAL EXAM VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Mental representations - Answers - Mental models of the world that can be mentally
manipulated.
Analogical representations - Answers - Mental images that resemble the objects they
represent.
Symbolic representations - Answers - Abstract symbols like words or numbers that
stand for ideas or objects.
Verbal information representation - Answers - We remember the gist of what was said,
not exact wording.
Visuo-spatial information - Answers - Stored either as verbal/symbolic statements or as
visual images.
Mental scanning - Answers - Mentally "moving" between points to estimate distance.
Mental rotation - Answers - Rotating mental images, including mirror reversals.
Eidetic imagery - Answers - Photographic-like memory.
Concepts - Answers - Mental representations of categories of related objects or events.
Purpose of concepts - Answers - Help categorize and make sense of objects and
events.
Prototype theory - Answers - Category represented by its most typical or average
member (e.g., wooden chair).
Exemplar theory - Answers - Category represented by all stored examples (e.g.,
wooden, office, leather chairs).
Hierarchical storage - Answers - Concepts organized into levels (e.g., animal → bird →
canary).
Schemas - Answers - Mental structures about how information, objects, or behaviors
are organized.
Scripts - Answers - Schemas for sequences of behaviors or events.
Schema drawbacks - Answers - Can create stereotypes, errors, and false memories.
, Interference - Answers - New or old information disrupts memory.
Retroactive interference - Answers - New information interferes with old.
Proactive interference - Answers - Old information interferes with new.
Recall - Answers - Retrieving information without external cues.
Recognition - Answers - Identifying information with external cues.
Context-dependent memory - Answers - Physical environment aids recall.
State-dependent memory - Answers - Emotional/physiological state aids recall.
Constructive memory processes - Answers - Memory is reconstructive and shaped by
expectations or later information.
False memories - Answers - Arise from top-down processing and misleading post-event
info.
Repressed memory - Answers - Traumatic memories forgotten and later recalled.
False memory syndrome - Answers - Challenges accuracy of recovered or repressed
memories.
Memory reconstruction - Answers - Memories are rebuilt during retrieval and can
change during reconsolidation.
Consolidation - Answers - Stabilizing memories after learning.
Reconsolidation - Answers - Re-stabilizing memories after retrieval; can modify
memories.
Long-term memory storage - Answers - Stored primarily in the cortex.
Medial temporal lobe role - Answers - Needed for forming long-term memories.
Bidirectional connectivity (forward) - Answers - From sensory areas for encoding.
Bidirectional connectivity (backward) - Answers - From medial temporal lobe for
consolidation and recall.
Anterograde amnesia - Answers - Inability to form new declarative memories after
damage.
Mental representations - Answers - Mental models of the world that can be mentally
manipulated.
Analogical representations - Answers - Mental images that resemble the objects they
represent.
Symbolic representations - Answers - Abstract symbols like words or numbers that
stand for ideas or objects.
Verbal information representation - Answers - We remember the gist of what was said,
not exact wording.
Visuo-spatial information - Answers - Stored either as verbal/symbolic statements or as
visual images.
Mental scanning - Answers - Mentally "moving" between points to estimate distance.
Mental rotation - Answers - Rotating mental images, including mirror reversals.
Eidetic imagery - Answers - Photographic-like memory.
Concepts - Answers - Mental representations of categories of related objects or events.
Purpose of concepts - Answers - Help categorize and make sense of objects and
events.
Prototype theory - Answers - Category represented by its most typical or average
member (e.g., wooden chair).
Exemplar theory - Answers - Category represented by all stored examples (e.g.,
wooden, office, leather chairs).
Hierarchical storage - Answers - Concepts organized into levels (e.g., animal → bird →
canary).
Schemas - Answers - Mental structures about how information, objects, or behaviors
are organized.
Scripts - Answers - Schemas for sequences of behaviors or events.
Schema drawbacks - Answers - Can create stereotypes, errors, and false memories.
, Interference - Answers - New or old information disrupts memory.
Retroactive interference - Answers - New information interferes with old.
Proactive interference - Answers - Old information interferes with new.
Recall - Answers - Retrieving information without external cues.
Recognition - Answers - Identifying information with external cues.
Context-dependent memory - Answers - Physical environment aids recall.
State-dependent memory - Answers - Emotional/physiological state aids recall.
Constructive memory processes - Answers - Memory is reconstructive and shaped by
expectations or later information.
False memories - Answers - Arise from top-down processing and misleading post-event
info.
Repressed memory - Answers - Traumatic memories forgotten and later recalled.
False memory syndrome - Answers - Challenges accuracy of recovered or repressed
memories.
Memory reconstruction - Answers - Memories are rebuilt during retrieval and can
change during reconsolidation.
Consolidation - Answers - Stabilizing memories after learning.
Reconsolidation - Answers - Re-stabilizing memories after retrieval; can modify
memories.
Long-term memory storage - Answers - Stored primarily in the cortex.
Medial temporal lobe role - Answers - Needed for forming long-term memories.
Bidirectional connectivity (forward) - Answers - From sensory areas for encoding.
Bidirectional connectivity (backward) - Answers - From medial temporal lobe for
consolidation and recall.
Anterograde amnesia - Answers - Inability to form new declarative memories after
damage.
