NR341 COMPLEX ADULT HEALTH EXAM 2 | 315 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | GET A+
1. What parameters are assessed to evaluate fluid volume status?: Vital
signs (BP),
central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), breath
sounds, oxygen saturation, skin turgor, edema, and weight.
2. What are the types of hemodynamic monitoring?: Pulmonary artery (PA)
monitor-
ing/PAWP/PAOP/LAP, Direct arterial BP monitoring, Right arterial pressure
(RAP)/CVP monitoring
3. Where is PAWP/LAP placed?: placed in the left side of the heart and
measures the left ventricular function
4. What is the normal range for PAWP?: 6-12 mmHg.
5. What does a high PAWP indicate?: Large amounts of fluid in the lungs, like
CHF
,6. What does a low PAWP indicate?: Severe dehydration
7. What else can PAWP/LAP measure?: central venous pressure (CVP)
8. How is direct arterial blood pressure monitored?: Through an arterial line
(A-line), which is an angiocath in the artery
9. How is a right arterial pressure (RAP)/ central venous pressure (CVP) line
placed?: Triple lumen central line that is inserted into either the femoral,
radial, or brachial vein that travels to the right atrium through the vena cava
(superior/inferior)
10. How is RAP/CVP placed?: using an aseptic technique that can be done
bedside with consent, pt is in supine/trendelenburg position, placement
is confirmed with a chest x-ray
11. What is the normal range for RAP/CVP?: 2-8 mmHg.
12. What can high RAP/CVP indicate?: Right-sided heart failure.
13. What can low RAP/CVP indicate?: Severe dehydration.
14. What else could a high or low RAP/CVP reading indicate?: wrong
placement of the transducer
,15. What are some complications of CVP monitoring?: Pneumothorax,
infection, bleeding, thrombus, and embolism.
16. What is preload?: The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of
diastole.
17. What causes increased preload?: Hypervolemia, regurgitation of
cardiac valves, and heart failure.
18. What are the manifestations and treatment for increased preload?:
Manifestations: high CVP/PAWP
Treatment: remove fluids, fluid restriction
19. What can cause decreased preload?: fluid volume deficit, bleeding,
diarrhea, diabetes insipidus 20 What are the manifestations and
treatment of decreased preload?: Manifestations: Low BP, dry mucous
membranes, s/s of dehydration
Treatment: fluids
21. What is afterload?: The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to
circulate blood.
, 22. What conditions increase afterload?: Hypertension, vasoconstriction
(results in high cardiac workload)
23. What causes increased afterload?: HTN, atherosclerotic plaque buildup
24. What is the treatment for increased afterload?: Nitroglycerin
25. What are some causes of decreased afterload?: too much nitro,
anaphylaxis shock 26. What are the manifestations and treatment of
decreased afterload?: Manifestation: flushed skin
Treatment: vasoconstrictive medication (epi)
27. What is the formula for calculating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?: MAP
=
(systolic BP + (diastolic BP x 2))/3.
28. What is the normal range for MAP?: 70-100 mmHg, with at least 65
mmHg being necessary for organ perfusion.
29. What is the purpose of an A-line?: To monitor arterial blood pressure
(ABP), obtain arterial blood gases (ABGs), and perform frequent blood
draws.
EXPERT SOLUTIONS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED | GET A+
1. What parameters are assessed to evaluate fluid volume status?: Vital
signs (BP),
central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), breath
sounds, oxygen saturation, skin turgor, edema, and weight.
2. What are the types of hemodynamic monitoring?: Pulmonary artery (PA)
monitor-
ing/PAWP/PAOP/LAP, Direct arterial BP monitoring, Right arterial pressure
(RAP)/CVP monitoring
3. Where is PAWP/LAP placed?: placed in the left side of the heart and
measures the left ventricular function
4. What is the normal range for PAWP?: 6-12 mmHg.
5. What does a high PAWP indicate?: Large amounts of fluid in the lungs, like
CHF
,6. What does a low PAWP indicate?: Severe dehydration
7. What else can PAWP/LAP measure?: central venous pressure (CVP)
8. How is direct arterial blood pressure monitored?: Through an arterial line
(A-line), which is an angiocath in the artery
9. How is a right arterial pressure (RAP)/ central venous pressure (CVP) line
placed?: Triple lumen central line that is inserted into either the femoral,
radial, or brachial vein that travels to the right atrium through the vena cava
(superior/inferior)
10. How is RAP/CVP placed?: using an aseptic technique that can be done
bedside with consent, pt is in supine/trendelenburg position, placement
is confirmed with a chest x-ray
11. What is the normal range for RAP/CVP?: 2-8 mmHg.
12. What can high RAP/CVP indicate?: Right-sided heart failure.
13. What can low RAP/CVP indicate?: Severe dehydration.
14. What else could a high or low RAP/CVP reading indicate?: wrong
placement of the transducer
,15. What are some complications of CVP monitoring?: Pneumothorax,
infection, bleeding, thrombus, and embolism.
16. What is preload?: The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of
diastole.
17. What causes increased preload?: Hypervolemia, regurgitation of
cardiac valves, and heart failure.
18. What are the manifestations and treatment for increased preload?:
Manifestations: high CVP/PAWP
Treatment: remove fluids, fluid restriction
19. What can cause decreased preload?: fluid volume deficit, bleeding,
diarrhea, diabetes insipidus 20 What are the manifestations and
treatment of decreased preload?: Manifestations: Low BP, dry mucous
membranes, s/s of dehydration
Treatment: fluids
21. What is afterload?: The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to
circulate blood.
, 22. What conditions increase afterload?: Hypertension, vasoconstriction
(results in high cardiac workload)
23. What causes increased afterload?: HTN, atherosclerotic plaque buildup
24. What is the treatment for increased afterload?: Nitroglycerin
25. What are some causes of decreased afterload?: too much nitro,
anaphylaxis shock 26. What are the manifestations and treatment of
decreased afterload?: Manifestation: flushed skin
Treatment: vasoconstrictive medication (epi)
27. What is the formula for calculating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?: MAP
=
(systolic BP + (diastolic BP x 2))/3.
28. What is the normal range for MAP?: 70-100 mmHg, with at least 65
mmHg being necessary for organ perfusion.
29. What is the purpose of an A-line?: To monitor arterial blood pressure
(ABP), obtain arterial blood gases (ABGs), and perform frequent blood
draws.
