HESI LPN-ADN Entrance Exam 2026/2027 – Mobility Section | Questions & Answers with Detailed Rationales | Graded A 100% Verified | HESI Admission Assessment & Nursing School Prep PDF

INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD — This is the comprehensive Mobility Section preparation guide for the HESI LPN-ADN Entrance Exam (2026/2027), featuring questions and answers with detailed rationales. Designed for practical nursing (LPN/LVN) students transitioning to associate degree nursing (ADN) programs, this resource consolidates the essential mobility and musculoskeletal concepts required to master the HESI entrance exam mobility section and achieve a high score for nursing school admission. The guide is meticulously aligned with HESI admission assessment (A2) exam blueprints and current nursing fundamentals standards. This verified resource provides comprehensive coverage of key HESI Entrance Exam Mobility topics, including: Musculoskeletal System Anatomy and Physiology (bones (axial skeleton—skull, vertebral column, rib cage; appendicular skeleton—shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, lower extremities), bone types (long (femur, humerus), short (carpals, tarsals), flat (skull, ribs, scapula), irregular (vertebrae, pelvis)), bone structure (diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), metaphysis (growth plate), periosteum (outer membrane), endosteum (inner lining), medullary cavity (contains bone marrow)), bone cells (osteoblasts (bone formation), osteoclasts (bone resorption), osteocytes (mature bone cells)), joints (fibrous (sutures of skull—immovable), cartilaginous (intervertebral discs—slightly movable), synovial (freely movable—hinge (elbow, knee), ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip), pivot (atlantoaxial joint), condyloid (wrist), saddle (thumb), gliding (carpal bones))), muscles (skeletal (voluntary, striated, attached to bones via tendons), smooth (involuntary, non-striated, walls of organs/blood vessels), cardiac (involuntary, striated, heart)), muscle contraction (isometric (muscle tension without shortening—posture), isotonic (muscle shortens with movement—lifting), concentric (muscle shortens during contraction), eccentric (muscle lengthens during contraction—lowering weight)), neuromuscular junction (motor neuron releases acetylcholine → binds to receptors → depolarization → calcium release → actin-myosin cross-bridge formation → contraction), range of motion (ROM) (active (patient performs independently), passive (nurse moves joint), active-assistive (patient performs with assistance)), ROM exercises per joint (neck (flexion, extension, lateral bending, rotation), shoulder (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal/external rotation), elbow (flexion, extension), forearm (supination, pronation), wrist (flexion, extension, radial/ulnar deviation), fingers (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition), hip (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal/external rotation), knee (flexion, extension), ankle (dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion), toes (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)), effects of immobility (musculoskeletal—muscle atrophy, weakness, contractures, foot drop, disuse osteoporosis; cardiovascular—orthostatic hypotension, venous stasis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), decreased cardiac output; respiratory—atelectasis, hypostatic pneumonia, decreased oxygenation, decreased cough reflex; gastrointestinal—constipation, fecal impaction, decreased appetite, anorexia, nausea; urinary—urinary stasis, urinary tract infection (UTI), urinary calculi (stones), urinary retention; integumentary—pressure injuries (pressure ulcers), skin breakdown; metabolic—negative nitrogen balance, hypercalcemia, decreased metabolic rate; psychosocial—sensory deprivation, depression, anxiety, social isolation, sleep disturbances, decreased self-esteem), DVT prevention (sequential compression devices (SCDs), antiembolism stockings (TED hose), early ambulation, leg exercises (ankle pumps, foot circles, knee flexion/extension), hydration, anticoagulation (heparin, enoxaparin) for high-risk patients, avoid knee gatch (popliteal pressure), avoid pillows under knees), DVT signs/symptoms (unilateral calf/thigh swelling, pain, tenderness, warmth, erythema, Homan's sign (calf pain with dorsiflexion—not reliable, low sensitivity/specificity, risk of embolization, not recommended), Wells criteria for DVT probability, diagnostic (venous duplex ultrasound, D-dimer (high sensitivity, low specificity)), nursing interventions (elevate affected extremity, avoid massage (risk of embolization), apply warm compresses, bed rest initially, anticoagulation (heparin, enoxaparin, warfarin, DOACs), monitor for PE (sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis, tachycardia, hypotension, hypoxia)), contractures (permanent shortening of muscle/tendon due to immobility, prevention (ROM exercises daily, positioning in functional alignment, splints/orthotics, early mobilization), treatment (ROM exercises, serial casting, surgery (tendon lengthening, release), positioning aids (hand roll, foot boot, trochanter roll, abduction pillow, hand-wrist splint, ankle-foot orthosis (AFO))), foot drop (permanent plantar flexion of foot due to prolonged lack of dorsiflexion, peroneal nerve compression (crossed legs, stirrups, prolonged bed rest), prevention (foot board, high-top sneakers, foot cradle (toe dorsiflexion), ankle pumps, ROM exercises (dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion), orthotics (AFO)), disuse osteoporosis (bone demineralization due to lack of weight-bearing activity, increased risk of fractures, prevention (weight-bearing exercises (standing, walking), calcium ( mg/day), vitamin D (600-800 IU/day), bisphosphonates if prolonged immobility (alendronate, risedronate)), orthostatic hypotension (drop in SBP ≥20 mm Hg or DBP ≥10 mm Hg upon standing within 3 minutes, causes (decreased blood volume, prolonged bed rest, autonomic dysfunction, medications (antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators, alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, TCAs, antipsychotics, opioids, alcohol)), prevention (dangle legs at bedside for 2-3 minutes before standing, sit up slowly, stand slowly, use mobility aids (walker, cane), hydration, compression stockings, abdominal binder), signs/symptoms (dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, weakness, syncope, nausea, palpitations), nursing interventions (assist with position changes, monitor BP/HR supine, sitting, standing, safety precautions (fall risk), ensure adequate hydration, review medications, mobility aids), mobility assistive devices (canes—standard (single point), quad (four-point base, more stability), hemi-cane (for post-stroke, hemiparesis); cane use (hold on strong side, advance with weak leg, then strong leg, cane height (greater trochanter to floor, elbow flexion 15-30 degrees)), walkers—standard (pick-up), rolling (wheeled) with or without wheels, front-wheeled (two wheels, easier to lift), four-wheeled (rollator with seat and brakes), platform (forearm support), posterior (rollator with seat), knee walker (non-weight bearing lower leg injury); walker use (advance walker, then weak leg, then strong leg, walker height (greater trochanter to floor, elbow flexion 15-30 degrees, wrist crease at handgrip), no stairs with walker), crutches—axillary (2-3 finger widths below axilla to avoid brachial plexus compression, weight on hands not axillae, handgrips at wrist crease, elbow flexion 30 degrees), forearm (Lofstrand, Canadian—cuff around forearm, for partial weight bearing, long-term use), platform (forearm trough for non-weight bearing due to wrist/hand pathology), crutch gaits—2-point (move right crutch and left foot together, then left crutch and right foot—partial weight bearing), 3-point (move both crutches and weak leg together, then strong leg—non-weight bearing one leg), 4-point (move right crutch, then left foot, then left crutch, then right foot—slow, maximum stability, partial weight bearing), swing-to (move both crutches together, then swing both feet to crutches—paraplegia), swing-through (move both crutches together, then swing both feet past crutches—paraplegia, faster), stair climbing with crutches (up with good leg first ("up with the good"), down with crutches and bad leg first ("down with the bad")), transfers (bed to wheelchair (position wheelchair at 45° angle to bed on strong side, lock brakes, raise footrests, pivot or use transfer board, gait belt, non-weight bearing patient: mechanical lift (Hoyer lift, sit-to-stand lift), two-person assist for heavy or uncooperative patient), bed to stretcher (friction-reducing slide board, 3-4 caregivers, roll patient onto slide board, slide across), car transfer (slide board or stand-pivot, remove armrests, recline seat), shower/tub transfer (shower chair, tub transfer bench, grab bars, nonslip mat, handheld showerhead), mechanical lifts (Hoyer lift (sling, hydraulic or electric, full lift, for non-weight bearing patients), sit-to-stand lift (for patients with some weight-bearing ability, stand-assist, transfer to chair/commode/bed), ceiling lift (track-mounted, reduces caregiver strain, requires ceiling reinforcement), sling types (divided leg (full support), U-sling (amputee, hip precautions), toileting sling (cutout for commode), mesh sling (for shower, quick drying)), transfer techniques (gait belt (transfer belt)—apply snugly over clothing around waist (not over bare skin, not over breasts, not over tubes/drains), grasp belt from back or sides (not front), stand patient with wide base of support, pivot to chair/bed, lower patient into chair, lock wheelchair brakes, footrests up or removed), body mechanics (principles: center of gravity (lower center of gravity increases stability), base of support (wider base increases stability, feet shoulder-width apart), leverage (keep load close to body), friction (use friction-reducing devices for sliding), shear (avoid dragging patient to prevent skin injury), lift with legs not back (keep back straight, bend knees, tighten abdominal muscles, use leg muscles to lift), avoid twisting (pivot with feet), keep patient close to body, assess patient's weight and ability, ask for assistance if patient heavy or uncooperative (two-person lift, mechanical lift)), positioning techniques (supine (flat on back, pillow under head, small pillow under lumbar curve, trochanter roll to prevent external rotation of hips, hand roll or splint to prevent contractures, foot board or high-top sneakers to prevent foot drop), prone (on stomach, contraindicated in spinal injuries, pregnancy, respiratory compromise, recent abdominal surgery, knee/hip replacements, back pain, pillow under head, small pillow under abdomen to reduce lumbar lordosis, arms at sides or flexed above head, turn head to side, monitor breathing), lateral/side-lying (left or right side, pillow under head, pillow behind back to maintain position, pillow between knees (top knee flexed, bottom leg straight), pillow under top arm to prevent adduction/internal rotation), Sim's position (semi-prone, left side-lying with right knee flexed and drawn up toward chest, left arm behind body, right arm flexed, for enema administration, rectal exams, vaginal exams, perineal care, prevents aspiration (post-operative, tube feeding)), Fowler's position (semi-Fowler's (head of bed 15-30 degrees), Fowler's (45-60 degrees), high Fowler's (90 degrees)—for respiratory distress, eating, tube feeding, nasogastric tube placement, prevent aspiration, promote lung expansion, comfort), Trendelenburg (head down, feet up 15-30 degrees, for hypotensive episodes (not routinely recommended due to risk of increased ICP, aspiration, cardiac strain), postural drainage, central line placement, contraindicated in increased ICP, respiratory compromise, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy), reverse Trendelenburg (head up, feet down 15-30 degrees, for gastric reflux prevention, post-operative after gastric surgery, thyroidectomy, head and neck surgery, increased ICP management (promotes venous drainage)), orthopneic position (sitting upright, leaning forward with arms resting on overbed table or pillows, for severe dyspnea (COPD, asthma, heart failure), improves diaphragmatic excursion, accessory muscle use, comfort), knee-chest position (patient on knees, chest on bed, buttocks elevated, for pelvic exam (cervical dilation), postpartum (retroverted uterus), lower back pain, contraindicated in pregnancy (supine hypotension), increased ICP, cardiac disease), lithotomy position (patient supine, hips at edge of table, legs in stirrups, for pelvic exam, childbirth, gynecologic surgery, urinary catheterization (female), perineal procedures, complications (compression of popliteal vessels (DVT risk), peroneal nerve injury (foot drop), lower back strain, post-delivery leg cramps), positioning aids (pillows (standard, body, wedge, cervical, lumbar), foam wedges (30, 45, 60 degree angles for lateral positioning, back support, head elevation, heel elevation), hand rolls (prevent finger contractures, maintain functional alignment), hand-wrist splints (prevent wrist drop,