NUR 641E Final Exam Study Guide (Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology) Questions with Correct Answers Grand Canyon University 2026

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Pharmacokinetics involves absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly in the blood plasma Pharmacokinetic absorption reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular fluid Parmacokinetic distribution biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissue Pharmacokinetics metabolism 1. highest bioavailability 2. places entire does into venin thus bypassing absorption 3. avoids hepatic first pass metabolism in the liver Intravenous medications usually reached within 4-5 half lives of the drug steady state medication time required for the elimination process to reduce concentration of the drug to one half what it was at initial administration mines drug frequency 4. predicts length of toxic effects 5. constant first order pharmacokinetics of a drug drug half life drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit zero order (nonlinear) metabolizes 50% drugs inhibit: grapefruit juice - increase drug - adverse effects may have enhanced activity with any other CYP3A4 CYP3A4 1. discovery or laboratory for development 2. Phase 1 begins with animal testing 3. phase 2 human subjects 4. compare drug to placebo or other drug that is effective 5.FDA then reviews result and determines approval 6. Post market study to determine other side effects that were not seen while lab testing Six steps in drug development process 1.Institute of Safe mediation Practice 2. Institute of Medicine 3. Joint commission 4.National Coordinating Council form mediation error reporting and prevention 5. Food and Drug Administration (safe use initiative) organizations for medication safety 1.Also known as a side effect, an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken include allergic reactions and adverse drug effects 2. Either pharmacological or idiosyncratic 3. 85-90% of ADRs are pharmacological 4. Reporting is not mandated by FDA thus are not commonly reported 5. usually preventable occur in hospital and nursing homes due to med errors 6. Polypharmacy, multiple doctors and multiple pharmacies increase risk Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)