NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide- Exam Questions & Answers Latest Already Graded A+ 2026

Prodrug An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body. -Cytochrome P450 -Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin Bioavailability the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used -Affected by route of administration and drug dosage -Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation) -Steady state concentration -Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass Steady state (of a drug) stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug -rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system Pharmacokinetics The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted. -what the body does to the drug First pass the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs does not bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability Bioequivalence relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs. Bioavailability (is affected by) -chemical instability -solubility -first pass metabolism Cytochrome P450 -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver. -genetics influence presence of enzymes -affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins. -the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism. -inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug. cytochrome p450 inducer An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate cytochrome p450 inhibitor An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate. Clopidogrel prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response half-life (determines) how often a drug is administered 4-5