REGIS NU650 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL TEST
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ Interstitial fluid. Answer: fluid that bathes body cells and constantly
renewed by the blood.
⩥ Functions of blood. Answer: transportation, regulation, protection
1. Transportation:
-oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from body cells to
lungs for exhalation
-nutrients from GI tract to body cells
-hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells -heat and waste
products to various organs for elimination from the body
2. Regulation:
-maintains homeostasis of all body fluids pH through use of buffers
(chemicals that convert strong acids or bases into weak ones)
-adjusts body temp. through heat absorbing and coolant properties of
water in blood plasma and variable rate of flow through the skin
-osmotic pressure influences water content of cells through interactions
of dissolved ions and proteins.
,3. Protection:
-blood can clot, which prevents against excessive loss from cardio
system after injury.
-white blood cells protect against disease by carrying on phagocytosis
-several types of blood proteins (antibodies, interferons, complement)
help protect against disease in a variety of ways.
⩥ Physical characteristics of blood. Answer: denser than water and
slightly sticky
38℃ (1℃ higher than oral and rectal body temp.)
alkaline (pH of 7.35-7.45)
bright red with oxygen, dark red without
20% of extracellular fluid, 8% total body mass
5-6 litres (adult male), 4-5 litres (adult female)
hormones ensure blood volume and osmotic pressure remain stable
(aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide)
⩥ Components of blood. Answer: Blood plasma 55% ; formed elements
45%
⩥ buffy coat. Answer: thin layer between the packed RBCs and plasma
in centrifuged blood. Made up of white blood cells (WBCs and
platelets). Less than 1% of formed elements.
, ⩥ plasma. Answer: watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains
dissolved substances. About 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, most of
which are proteins (7%).
⩥ plasma proteins. Answer: proteins confined to blood. Mostly
synthesized in liver by hepatocytes (liver cells). Responsible for colloid
osmotic pressure. Major contributors to blood viscosity. Transport
hormones (steroid), fatty acids, and calcium. Help regulate blood pH.
-albumins: 54%. Help maintain osmotic pressure, an important factor in
the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls.
-globulins: 38%. Immunoglobulins help attach viruses and bacteria.
Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
-fibrinogen: 7%. Plays essential role in blood clotting.
⩥ antibodies or immunoglobulins. Answer: produced during certain
immune responses. Production of millions of them stimulated by foreign
substances such as bacteria and viruses. Binds specifically to the antigen
that stimulated its production and disables it.
⩥ formed elements. Answer: cells and cell fragments. Includes three
principal components: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ Interstitial fluid. Answer: fluid that bathes body cells and constantly
renewed by the blood.
⩥ Functions of blood. Answer: transportation, regulation, protection
1. Transportation:
-oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from body cells to
lungs for exhalation
-nutrients from GI tract to body cells
-hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells -heat and waste
products to various organs for elimination from the body
2. Regulation:
-maintains homeostasis of all body fluids pH through use of buffers
(chemicals that convert strong acids or bases into weak ones)
-adjusts body temp. through heat absorbing and coolant properties of
water in blood plasma and variable rate of flow through the skin
-osmotic pressure influences water content of cells through interactions
of dissolved ions and proteins.
,3. Protection:
-blood can clot, which prevents against excessive loss from cardio
system after injury.
-white blood cells protect against disease by carrying on phagocytosis
-several types of blood proteins (antibodies, interferons, complement)
help protect against disease in a variety of ways.
⩥ Physical characteristics of blood. Answer: denser than water and
slightly sticky
38℃ (1℃ higher than oral and rectal body temp.)
alkaline (pH of 7.35-7.45)
bright red with oxygen, dark red without
20% of extracellular fluid, 8% total body mass
5-6 litres (adult male), 4-5 litres (adult female)
hormones ensure blood volume and osmotic pressure remain stable
(aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide)
⩥ Components of blood. Answer: Blood plasma 55% ; formed elements
45%
⩥ buffy coat. Answer: thin layer between the packed RBCs and plasma
in centrifuged blood. Made up of white blood cells (WBCs and
platelets). Less than 1% of formed elements.
, ⩥ plasma. Answer: watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains
dissolved substances. About 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, most of
which are proteins (7%).
⩥ plasma proteins. Answer: proteins confined to blood. Mostly
synthesized in liver by hepatocytes (liver cells). Responsible for colloid
osmotic pressure. Major contributors to blood viscosity. Transport
hormones (steroid), fatty acids, and calcium. Help regulate blood pH.
-albumins: 54%. Help maintain osmotic pressure, an important factor in
the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls.
-globulins: 38%. Immunoglobulins help attach viruses and bacteria.
Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
-fibrinogen: 7%. Plays essential role in blood clotting.
⩥ antibodies or immunoglobulins. Answer: produced during certain
immune responses. Production of millions of them stimulated by foreign
substances such as bacteria and viruses. Binds specifically to the antigen
that stimulated its production and disables it.
⩥ formed elements. Answer: cells and cell fragments. Includes three
principal components: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
