REGIS NU641 ADV CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY 2026 MASTER STUDY EXAM
◉ What is a noncompetitive antagonist? Answer: Binds to a site
other than the agonist-binding site, which causes a conformational
change in the receptor so the agonist no longer can bind to its
receptor.
*High doses of an agonist do not overcome the antagonist in this
situation
◉ What is an irreversible antagonist Answer: Binds permanently to
the receptor site.
*cannot be overcome with agonist
◉ What are proteins or glycoproteins? Answer: Present on cell
surface, on an organelle within the cell, or in the cytoplasm.
-Finite number of receptors in a given cell.
-- Receptor mediated responses plateau upon saturation of all
receptors.
--Receptors can be recycled/down-regulated (to be revisited in pain
pharmacology).
◉ Examples of diseases that can alter pharmacodynamics Answer: -
acid base status
,-electrolyte imbalance
-altered intravascular volume
-tolerance
◉ What is a target-effect strategy of drug management Answer:
Predetermined efficacy endpoint
(Example: Reduction of blood pressure to 120/80 mmHg with
Lotensin/benazepril)
-Titrate drug to desired effect
· Monitor for efficacy
· If plateau occurs, may need to add additional drug or choose
alternative agent.
· Monitor for toxicity
· May require decrease in dose or alternative agent.
◉ What is a target concentration strategy of drug management
Answer: Example: Aminoglycoside drugs (i.e., gentamicin)
-Predetermined concentration goal
--Based on population-based PK
--Target concentration based on efficacy or toxicity
- Know the PK of the drug you are prescribing
--Presence of an active metabolite?
--Should the level of the active metabolite be measured?
,-- Zero-order or first-order kinetics?
· Does it change with increasing serum concentrations?
◉ What is synergistic activity Answer: when two drugs, used
together, have an effect larger than the sum of each drug's effect(s)
by itself
◉ What are medication safety organizations Answer: -the Food &
Drug Administration (FDA)
-the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
-the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
(JCAHO)
-the Institute of Medicine (IOM)
-The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting
& Prevention (NCC MERP)
-the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ What is the FDA REMS program? Answer: assures that the
benefits of hazardous drugs outweigh the risks involved.
◉ What is rational therapeutics Answer: Knowing, understanding,
and implementing general principles and specific facts about classes
of drugs and individual drugs
, ◉ what is the goal of rational therapeutics Answer: to maximize
therapeutic responses while minimizing therapeutic failures and
medical errors that occur because of "therapeutic wrongs"
(prescribing/dispensing/administering the wrong drug/ wrong
dose to the wrong patient at the wrong time)
◉ The WHOs recommendation for prescribing Answer: -
recommends that any pharmacotherapy plan include the patient in
its development.
-Always keep the patient as the focus of the treatment goals,
especially when deciding on a pharmacotherapy plan; medication
selection should be specific for that specific patient (i.e., take into
account, the patent's age, ethnicity, lifestyle, cultural habits, diet,
etc.)
When counseling a patient on pharmacotherapy, include a
discussion of possible adverse drug reactions the patient may
experience.
Passive monitoring of medication efficacy is having the patient tell
you if the pharmacotherapy is successful or not.
Active monitoring of medication efficacy involves follow-up
measures such as laboratory tests and/or monitoring the patient to
gauge therapeutic success or failure.
◉ Ways to reduces medication errors Answer: · Avoid abbreviations
if at all possible
· Write out names of drugs
PHARMACOLOGY 2026 MASTER STUDY EXAM
◉ What is a noncompetitive antagonist? Answer: Binds to a site
other than the agonist-binding site, which causes a conformational
change in the receptor so the agonist no longer can bind to its
receptor.
*High doses of an agonist do not overcome the antagonist in this
situation
◉ What is an irreversible antagonist Answer: Binds permanently to
the receptor site.
*cannot be overcome with agonist
◉ What are proteins or glycoproteins? Answer: Present on cell
surface, on an organelle within the cell, or in the cytoplasm.
-Finite number of receptors in a given cell.
-- Receptor mediated responses plateau upon saturation of all
receptors.
--Receptors can be recycled/down-regulated (to be revisited in pain
pharmacology).
◉ Examples of diseases that can alter pharmacodynamics Answer: -
acid base status
,-electrolyte imbalance
-altered intravascular volume
-tolerance
◉ What is a target-effect strategy of drug management Answer:
Predetermined efficacy endpoint
(Example: Reduction of blood pressure to 120/80 mmHg with
Lotensin/benazepril)
-Titrate drug to desired effect
· Monitor for efficacy
· If plateau occurs, may need to add additional drug or choose
alternative agent.
· Monitor for toxicity
· May require decrease in dose or alternative agent.
◉ What is a target concentration strategy of drug management
Answer: Example: Aminoglycoside drugs (i.e., gentamicin)
-Predetermined concentration goal
--Based on population-based PK
--Target concentration based on efficacy or toxicity
- Know the PK of the drug you are prescribing
--Presence of an active metabolite?
--Should the level of the active metabolite be measured?
,-- Zero-order or first-order kinetics?
· Does it change with increasing serum concentrations?
◉ What is synergistic activity Answer: when two drugs, used
together, have an effect larger than the sum of each drug's effect(s)
by itself
◉ What are medication safety organizations Answer: -the Food &
Drug Administration (FDA)
-the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
-the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
(JCAHO)
-the Institute of Medicine (IOM)
-The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting
& Prevention (NCC MERP)
-the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ What is the FDA REMS program? Answer: assures that the
benefits of hazardous drugs outweigh the risks involved.
◉ What is rational therapeutics Answer: Knowing, understanding,
and implementing general principles and specific facts about classes
of drugs and individual drugs
, ◉ what is the goal of rational therapeutics Answer: to maximize
therapeutic responses while minimizing therapeutic failures and
medical errors that occur because of "therapeutic wrongs"
(prescribing/dispensing/administering the wrong drug/ wrong
dose to the wrong patient at the wrong time)
◉ The WHOs recommendation for prescribing Answer: -
recommends that any pharmacotherapy plan include the patient in
its development.
-Always keep the patient as the focus of the treatment goals,
especially when deciding on a pharmacotherapy plan; medication
selection should be specific for that specific patient (i.e., take into
account, the patent's age, ethnicity, lifestyle, cultural habits, diet,
etc.)
When counseling a patient on pharmacotherapy, include a
discussion of possible adverse drug reactions the patient may
experience.
Passive monitoring of medication efficacy is having the patient tell
you if the pharmacotherapy is successful or not.
Active monitoring of medication efficacy involves follow-up
measures such as laboratory tests and/or monitoring the patient to
gauge therapeutic success or failure.
◉ Ways to reduces medication errors Answer: · Avoid abbreviations
if at all possible
· Write out names of drugs
