LAS – LABORATORY
ANIMAL SCIENCE
(CORE MODULE)
UAntwerpen
1st Ma Biomedical Sciences
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
HISTORY AND ETHICS ..............................................................................................................5
1. HISTORY TIMELINE..............................................................................................................5
2. THE CRUELTY AGAINST ANIMALS ACT (1867).............................................................................6
3. NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY (CA. 1910) ......................................................................7
4. THE 3 R’S CONCEPT (1959) ..................................................................................................7
5. TOM REGAN - THE CASE FOR ANIMAL RIGHTS (1983) ....................................................................7
6. EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES AND BELGIAN LAWS ...............................................................................8
7. APPROVAL PROCESS FOR ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS .........................................................................9
LEGISLATION PART 1 .............................................................................................................. 10
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 10
2. DEFINITION OF A LABORATORY ANIMAL................................................................................... 11
3. ORIGIN OF LABORATORY ANIMALS ........................................................................................ 12
4. IS IT CONSIDERED AN ANIMAL EXPERIMENT? ............................................................................. 13
5. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMALS ............................................................................................... 14
6. PERMITTED PURPOSES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS ..................................................................... 14
7. PROHIBITIONS ................................................................................................................. 15
8. FURTHER RESTRICTIONS .................................................................................................... 16
9. ETHICAL COMMITTEE......................................................................................................... 17
10. ANIMAL WELFARE UNIT/BODY ............................................................................................. 17
11. USER, SUPPLIER, AND BREEDER OBLIGATIONS ......................................................................... 18
12. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ........................................................................................................ 19
13. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ......................................................................................................... 19
14. PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...................................................................................... 20
15. OUTCOMES FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS ................................................................................. 23
LEGISLATION PART 2 .............................................................................................................. 24
1. ETHICS COMMITTEE .......................................................................................................... 24
2. TASKS OF AN ETHICS COMMITTEE........................................................................................... 25
3. ANIMAL WELFARE BODY (AWB) (DIERENWELZIJNCEL) ................................................................. 31
4. NATIONAL COMMITTEE ....................................................................................................... 32
ANIMAL WELFARE - GENERAL PRINCIPLES.............................................................................. 34
1. SENTIENCE AND ANIMAL WELFARE........................................................................................ 34
2. THE CONCEPT OF THE FIVE FREEDOMS (5 F’S) .......................................................................... 34
3. LEARNING PROCESSES IN ANIMALS ....................................................................................... 35
4. APPLYING THE 5 FREEDOMS ................................................................................................. 36
1
,5. STRESS-RELATED CHANGES................................................................................................ 41
6. PAIN AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT......................................................................................... 42
E-LEARNING: RECOGNITION & PREVENTION OF PAIN, SUFFERING & DISTRESS ....................... 44
1. WHY ANIMAL WELFARE MATTERS IN RESEARCH ....................................................................... 44
2. ASSESSING ANIMALS......................................................................................................... 44
3. RECORDING AND SCORING ANIMALS ...................................................................................... 45
4. IDENTIFYING CAUSES AND TREATMENTS .................................................................................. 46
5. HUMANE ENDPOINTS ........................................................................................................ 47
LABORATORY ANIMAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES ...................................................................... 48
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 48
2. ANIMAL WELFARE: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ........................................................... 48
4. NUMBERS OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH .................................................................... 49
5. MOST COMMONLY USED SPECIES – BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ..................................... 50
PROJECT DESIGN 1: GOOD EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION – STUDY
DESIGNS ............................................................................................................................... 62
1. IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ................................................................................ 62
2. PREPARE GUIDELINES ..................................................................................................... 62
3. WHAT IS A WELL-DESIGNED EXPERIMENT ................................................................................ 63
4. BASICS OF GOOD EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ................................................................................ 63
5. STATISTICAL METHODS TO SUPPORT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN........................................................ 68
6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS ..................................................................................................... 71
7. ARRIVE .......................................................................................................................... 77
PROJECT DESIGN 2: ALTERNATIVES – SEVERITY ASSESSMENT – HUMANE ENDPOINTS ............. 78
1. ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL-BASED RESEARCH .......................................................................... 78
2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS ............................................................................ 78
3. SEVERITY ASSESSMENT IN ANIMAL RESEARCH ............................................................. 80
4. HUMANE ENDPOINTS IN ANIMAL RESEARCH .............................................................................. 83
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES – ASEPSIS ........................................................................................ 86
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 86
2. HALSTED’S PRINCIPLES ..................................................................................................... 86
3. ASEPSIS ........................................................................................................................ 87
4. PREPARATION FOR SURGERY ................................................................................................ 88
5. SURGICAL INSTRUMENT STERILIZATION .................................................................................. 89
2
, 6. SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS .................................................................................................... 90
SUTURING TECHNIQUES: WOUND HEALING & SUTURING ....................................................... 92
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 92
2. WOUND HEALING STAGES .................................................................................................. 92
3. SUTURING MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 94
4. SUTURE TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................ 95
5. ALTERNATIVES TO SUTURES................................................................................................. 96
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: PERI-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT & CARE .......................................... 97
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 97
2. HEALTH CHECK BEFORE SURGERY ........................................................................................ 97
3. NO ANAESTHESIA.............................................................................................................. 98
4. PERI-OPERATIVE PERIOD – MANAGEMENT............................................................................... 98
5. POST-OPERATIVE CARE ..................................................................................................... 99
ANAESTHESIA...................................................................................................................... 100
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 100
2. DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................. 100
3. PHASES OF ANAESTHESIA .................................................................................................. 101
4. EXAMPLES OF MOST USED ANAESTHETICS (EXAM).................................................................. 103
5. POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS AND HOW TO RESPONS ................................................................... 106
E-LECTURE: ANAESTHESIA ................................................................................................... 109
1. WHAT IS ANAESTHESIA ..................................................................................................... 109
2. PLANNING FOR ANAESTHESIA ............................................................................................. 110
3. HOW DO ANAESTHETIC MACHINES WORK............................................................................... 111
4. INJECTABLE AGENTS .................................................................................................. 112
5. INHALATION ANAESTHESIA ........................................................................................ 113
6. MONITORING THE ANIMAL ................................................................................................. 117
7. ADDITION OF OTHER COMPOUNDS ....................................................................................... 126
8. BALANCED ANAESTHESIA .................................................................................................. 127
9. ANAESTHETICS AND HOMEOSTASIS ...................................................................................... 128
10. ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 129
11. KNOWLEDGE CHECK OF THE E-MODULES .............................................................................. 129
PAIN MANAGEMENT & ANALGESIA ....................................................................................... 133
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 133
3
ANIMAL SCIENCE
(CORE MODULE)
UAntwerpen
1st Ma Biomedical Sciences
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
HISTORY AND ETHICS ..............................................................................................................5
1. HISTORY TIMELINE..............................................................................................................5
2. THE CRUELTY AGAINST ANIMALS ACT (1867).............................................................................6
3. NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY (CA. 1910) ......................................................................7
4. THE 3 R’S CONCEPT (1959) ..................................................................................................7
5. TOM REGAN - THE CASE FOR ANIMAL RIGHTS (1983) ....................................................................7
6. EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES AND BELGIAN LAWS ...............................................................................8
7. APPROVAL PROCESS FOR ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS .........................................................................9
LEGISLATION PART 1 .............................................................................................................. 10
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 10
2. DEFINITION OF A LABORATORY ANIMAL................................................................................... 11
3. ORIGIN OF LABORATORY ANIMALS ........................................................................................ 12
4. IS IT CONSIDERED AN ANIMAL EXPERIMENT? ............................................................................. 13
5. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMALS ............................................................................................... 14
6. PERMITTED PURPOSES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS ..................................................................... 14
7. PROHIBITIONS ................................................................................................................. 15
8. FURTHER RESTRICTIONS .................................................................................................... 16
9. ETHICAL COMMITTEE......................................................................................................... 17
10. ANIMAL WELFARE UNIT/BODY ............................................................................................. 17
11. USER, SUPPLIER, AND BREEDER OBLIGATIONS ......................................................................... 18
12. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ........................................................................................................ 19
13. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ......................................................................................................... 19
14. PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...................................................................................... 20
15. OUTCOMES FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS ................................................................................. 23
LEGISLATION PART 2 .............................................................................................................. 24
1. ETHICS COMMITTEE .......................................................................................................... 24
2. TASKS OF AN ETHICS COMMITTEE........................................................................................... 25
3. ANIMAL WELFARE BODY (AWB) (DIERENWELZIJNCEL) ................................................................. 31
4. NATIONAL COMMITTEE ....................................................................................................... 32
ANIMAL WELFARE - GENERAL PRINCIPLES.............................................................................. 34
1. SENTIENCE AND ANIMAL WELFARE........................................................................................ 34
2. THE CONCEPT OF THE FIVE FREEDOMS (5 F’S) .......................................................................... 34
3. LEARNING PROCESSES IN ANIMALS ....................................................................................... 35
4. APPLYING THE 5 FREEDOMS ................................................................................................. 36
1
,5. STRESS-RELATED CHANGES................................................................................................ 41
6. PAIN AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT......................................................................................... 42
E-LEARNING: RECOGNITION & PREVENTION OF PAIN, SUFFERING & DISTRESS ....................... 44
1. WHY ANIMAL WELFARE MATTERS IN RESEARCH ....................................................................... 44
2. ASSESSING ANIMALS......................................................................................................... 44
3. RECORDING AND SCORING ANIMALS ...................................................................................... 45
4. IDENTIFYING CAUSES AND TREATMENTS .................................................................................. 46
5. HUMANE ENDPOINTS ........................................................................................................ 47
LABORATORY ANIMAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES ...................................................................... 48
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 48
2. ANIMAL WELFARE: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ........................................................... 48
4. NUMBERS OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH .................................................................... 49
5. MOST COMMONLY USED SPECIES – BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ..................................... 50
PROJECT DESIGN 1: GOOD EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION – STUDY
DESIGNS ............................................................................................................................... 62
1. IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ................................................................................ 62
2. PREPARE GUIDELINES ..................................................................................................... 62
3. WHAT IS A WELL-DESIGNED EXPERIMENT ................................................................................ 63
4. BASICS OF GOOD EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ................................................................................ 63
5. STATISTICAL METHODS TO SUPPORT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN........................................................ 68
6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS ..................................................................................................... 71
7. ARRIVE .......................................................................................................................... 77
PROJECT DESIGN 2: ALTERNATIVES – SEVERITY ASSESSMENT – HUMANE ENDPOINTS ............. 78
1. ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL-BASED RESEARCH .......................................................................... 78
2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS ............................................................................ 78
3. SEVERITY ASSESSMENT IN ANIMAL RESEARCH ............................................................. 80
4. HUMANE ENDPOINTS IN ANIMAL RESEARCH .............................................................................. 83
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES – ASEPSIS ........................................................................................ 86
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 86
2. HALSTED’S PRINCIPLES ..................................................................................................... 86
3. ASEPSIS ........................................................................................................................ 87
4. PREPARATION FOR SURGERY ................................................................................................ 88
5. SURGICAL INSTRUMENT STERILIZATION .................................................................................. 89
2
, 6. SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS .................................................................................................... 90
SUTURING TECHNIQUES: WOUND HEALING & SUTURING ....................................................... 92
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 92
2. WOUND HEALING STAGES .................................................................................................. 92
3. SUTURING MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 94
4. SUTURE TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................ 95
5. ALTERNATIVES TO SUTURES................................................................................................. 96
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: PERI-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT & CARE .......................................... 97
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 97
2. HEALTH CHECK BEFORE SURGERY ........................................................................................ 97
3. NO ANAESTHESIA.............................................................................................................. 98
4. PERI-OPERATIVE PERIOD – MANAGEMENT............................................................................... 98
5. POST-OPERATIVE CARE ..................................................................................................... 99
ANAESTHESIA...................................................................................................................... 100
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 100
2. DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................. 100
3. PHASES OF ANAESTHESIA .................................................................................................. 101
4. EXAMPLES OF MOST USED ANAESTHETICS (EXAM).................................................................. 103
5. POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS AND HOW TO RESPONS ................................................................... 106
E-LECTURE: ANAESTHESIA ................................................................................................... 109
1. WHAT IS ANAESTHESIA ..................................................................................................... 109
2. PLANNING FOR ANAESTHESIA ............................................................................................. 110
3. HOW DO ANAESTHETIC MACHINES WORK............................................................................... 111
4. INJECTABLE AGENTS .................................................................................................. 112
5. INHALATION ANAESTHESIA ........................................................................................ 113
6. MONITORING THE ANIMAL ................................................................................................. 117
7. ADDITION OF OTHER COMPOUNDS ....................................................................................... 126
8. BALANCED ANAESTHESIA .................................................................................................. 127
9. ANAESTHETICS AND HOMEOSTASIS ...................................................................................... 128
10. ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 129
11. KNOWLEDGE CHECK OF THE E-MODULES .............................................................................. 129
PAIN MANAGEMENT & ANALGESIA ....................................................................................... 133
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 133
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