TE 150 EXAM 1 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Unconditioned Stimulus - ANSWER In classical conditioning, a stimulus that
unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
Example: Food in Pavlov's Dog
Conditioned Stimulus - ANSWER In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant
stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a
conditioned response.
Example: Bell in Pavlov's Dog
Neutral Stimulus - ANSWER In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response
before conditioning.
Example: Bell in Pavlov's Dog
Unconditioned Response - ANSWER In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally
occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the
mouth.
Example: Salivation to food in Pavlov's Dog
Conditioned Response - ANSWER In classical conditioning, the learned response to a
previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.
Example: Salivation to bell in Pavlov's Dog
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli,
such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a
response, strengthens the response.
Example: Giving students who volunteer to answer questions candy.
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing
negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when
,removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is
not punishment.)
Example: You clean your room to stop getting yelled at by your mom.
Positive Punishment - ANSWER Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the probability
of a behavior occurring again.
Example: Giving a student detention for mocking the teacher.
Negative Punishment - ANSWER The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the
probability of a behavior occurring again.
Example: Recess time taken away because class was noisy.
Fixed-interval Reinforcement - ANSWER In operant conditioning, rewards are provided
after a specific time interval has passed after a response.
Example: Weekly quizzes to reinforce studying before quizzes.
Variable-interval Reinforcement - ANSWER In operant conditioning, rewards are
provided after an unpredictable time interval has passed since the response.
Example: Pop quizzes to reinforce studying all the time.
Fixed-ratio - ANSWER In operant conditioning, reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses.
Example: Getting extra credit for every 5 quizzes you get an A on.
Variable-ratio - ANSWER In operant conditioning, reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses.
Example: Slot machines
Premack Principle - ANSWER A preferred (high probability) activity can serve as a
reinforcer for an less preferred (low probability) activity.
, Should make reinforcers contingent (to allow child to learn connection and associate
behavior with consequence) and timely.
Example: If clean room (low), can go to the party (high).
Shaping - ANSWER In operant conditioning, teaching new behaviors with gradual
reinforcement to guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired
behavior.
Example: John never does his homework. You're his teacher.
1. John writes his name on worksheet.
2. John does one problem.
3. John does five problems.
4. John does all odd numbers on worksheet.
5. John does entire worksheet.
Differential Reinforcement - ANSWER Providing a reinforcer when the correct or an
appropriate response occurs and not doing so when it does not occur or another
response occurs).
Example: Offering someone a mint every time they do the favor for you that you ask them
to do, not offering them a mint when they don't do the favor.
Positive Practice - ANSWER Practicing correct responses immediately after errors.
Example: Student blurts out the answer to the question the teacher asks. Teacher
politely asks the student to try raising their hand before answering the question. Student
then raises his hand, gets called on, and proceeds to answer the question.
Functional Behavior Assessment - ANSWER The process of understanding the "why" of
a problem behavior. Observing and evaluating problematic behavior in order to better
understand it. Before we can improve a behavior, we must understand its function.
Procedures used to get info about antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to
determine the reason or function of the behavior.
Example: Interviewing students about their behaviors by asking them to describe what
they did that got them in trouble in school, what happened just before they acted out,
and what happened right after. Students benefitted from talking to an adult that was
Unconditioned Stimulus - ANSWER In classical conditioning, a stimulus that
unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
Example: Food in Pavlov's Dog
Conditioned Stimulus - ANSWER In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant
stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a
conditioned response.
Example: Bell in Pavlov's Dog
Neutral Stimulus - ANSWER In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response
before conditioning.
Example: Bell in Pavlov's Dog
Unconditioned Response - ANSWER In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally
occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the
mouth.
Example: Salivation to food in Pavlov's Dog
Conditioned Response - ANSWER In classical conditioning, the learned response to a
previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.
Example: Salivation to bell in Pavlov's Dog
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli,
such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a
response, strengthens the response.
Example: Giving students who volunteer to answer questions candy.
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing
negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when
,removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is
not punishment.)
Example: You clean your room to stop getting yelled at by your mom.
Positive Punishment - ANSWER Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the probability
of a behavior occurring again.
Example: Giving a student detention for mocking the teacher.
Negative Punishment - ANSWER The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the
probability of a behavior occurring again.
Example: Recess time taken away because class was noisy.
Fixed-interval Reinforcement - ANSWER In operant conditioning, rewards are provided
after a specific time interval has passed after a response.
Example: Weekly quizzes to reinforce studying before quizzes.
Variable-interval Reinforcement - ANSWER In operant conditioning, rewards are
provided after an unpredictable time interval has passed since the response.
Example: Pop quizzes to reinforce studying all the time.
Fixed-ratio - ANSWER In operant conditioning, reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses.
Example: Getting extra credit for every 5 quizzes you get an A on.
Variable-ratio - ANSWER In operant conditioning, reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses.
Example: Slot machines
Premack Principle - ANSWER A preferred (high probability) activity can serve as a
reinforcer for an less preferred (low probability) activity.
, Should make reinforcers contingent (to allow child to learn connection and associate
behavior with consequence) and timely.
Example: If clean room (low), can go to the party (high).
Shaping - ANSWER In operant conditioning, teaching new behaviors with gradual
reinforcement to guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired
behavior.
Example: John never does his homework. You're his teacher.
1. John writes his name on worksheet.
2. John does one problem.
3. John does five problems.
4. John does all odd numbers on worksheet.
5. John does entire worksheet.
Differential Reinforcement - ANSWER Providing a reinforcer when the correct or an
appropriate response occurs and not doing so when it does not occur or another
response occurs).
Example: Offering someone a mint every time they do the favor for you that you ask them
to do, not offering them a mint when they don't do the favor.
Positive Practice - ANSWER Practicing correct responses immediately after errors.
Example: Student blurts out the answer to the question the teacher asks. Teacher
politely asks the student to try raising their hand before answering the question. Student
then raises his hand, gets called on, and proceeds to answer the question.
Functional Behavior Assessment - ANSWER The process of understanding the "why" of
a problem behavior. Observing and evaluating problematic behavior in order to better
understand it. Before we can improve a behavior, we must understand its function.
Procedures used to get info about antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to
determine the reason or function of the behavior.
Example: Interviewing students about their behaviors by asking them to describe what
they did that got them in trouble in school, what happened just before they acted out,
and what happened right after. Students benefitted from talking to an adult that was
