INTERNATIONAAL PUBLIEKRECHT
INHOUDSOPGAVE
INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Wat is internationaal recht? ................................................................................................................... 9
De doelstellingen .................................................................................................................................. 9
Het studiemateriaal ..............................................................................................................................10
Bronnen - algemeen .................................................................................................................................11
Bronnen – hiërarchie ................................................................................................................................11
Gewoonte ...............................................................................................................................................12
Praktijk ................................................................................................................................................12
Opinio juris ..........................................................................................................................................13
ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, §73 ..................................................................13
ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State, §55 ...................................................................................14
ICJ, Continental Shelf Between Nicaragua and Colombia, 2023, §77 ....................................................14
Tegenstelbaarheid ................................................................................................................................15
Codificatie ...........................................................................................................................................15
Codificatieproces in wording: EHRM (Grote Kamer), Cudak t. Lithouwen ..............................................16
Algemene rechtsbeginselen .....................................................................................................................16
Bronnen – Verdragen ................................................................................................................................17
Sluiten en inwerkingtreding ...................................................................................................................17
Voorbehouden en interpretatieve verklaringen .......................................................................................18
Naleving, toepassing en interpretatie .....................................................................................................19
Naleving ...........................................................................................................................................19
Toepassing .......................................................................................................................................19
interpretatie art. 31-34 ......................................................................................................................20
Verdragen en derde Staten ....................................................................................................................21
Amendering van verdragen tussen enkele partijen : art. 41 ..................................................................21
Ongeldigheid, beëindiging .. ..................................................................................................................21
Bronnen – Eenzijdige rechtshandelingen ...................................................................................................22
Bronnen – handelingen van internationale organisaties ..............................................................................24
Bronnen – Soft law ...................................................................................................................................24
Verhouding tussen internationaal en intern recht .......................................................................................25
1
,Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................26
Wat? ....................................................................................................................................................26
Wie? ....................................................................................................................................................26
De staat ...............................................................................................................................................26
Decolonisatie ...................................................................................................................................28
Ius cogens ........................................................................................................................................28
Soevereiniteit ...................................................................................................................................29
Internationale organisaties ...................................................................................................................30
Definitie ...........................................................................................................................................30
Impliciete bevoegdheden ..................................................................................................................30
Delegatie en controle ........................................................................................................................31
Verantwoordelijkheid (accountability) ................................................................................................31
Formeel (IO) en informeel ..................................................................................................................31
Volkeren en individuen ......................................................................................................................31
Mensenrechten ................................................................................................................................32
niet-gouvernementele organisaties, bedrijven ....................................................................................33
Representativiteit .............................................................................................................................33
Aansprakelijkheid - algemeen ...................................................................................................................35
Staatsaanspralijkheid ..............................................................................................................................35
2.a Onrechtmatige gedraging ................................................................................................................35
2.b Toerekening ....................................................................................................................................36
2.c Schending ......................................................................................................................................37
2.d aansprakelijkheid voor gedraging van andere Staat ...........................................................................37
2.e Verschoningsgronden .....................................................................................................................37
2.f Gevolgen van de schending ..............................................................................................................39
2.g Inroepen van aansprakelijkheid ........................................................................................................39
2.h Tegenmaatregelen ..........................................................................................................................40
Aanspralijkheid van internationale organisaties .........................................................................................41
Casus : toerekening en controle ............................................................................................................42
Casus : Israël, Palestina........................................................................................................................43
233: .................................................................................................................................................43
274. .................................................................................................................................................44
§278: ................................................................................................................................................44
§279 .................................................................................................................................................45
2
, Opvolging door de Algemene Vergadering...........................................................................................45
Casus : klimaatsverandering .................................................................................................................46
Jurisdictie - algemeen ..............................................................................................................................49
Wat? ....................................................................................................................................................49
Hoe?....................................................................................................................................................49
Aanknopingsfactoren? ..........................................................................................................................49
Basisregel: PHIJ, Lotus (1927) ...............................................................................................................49
Basisregel: IGH, Nuclear Weapons, Decl. President M. Bedjaoui .............................................................50
Jurisdictie - afbakening .............................................................................................................................50
Kwaliteit van aanknopingsfactor!! ..........................................................................................................50
Proportionaliteit t.a.v. andere Staten .....................................................................................................51
Andere rechtsregimes...........................................................................................................................51
Kwaliteit van de aanknopingsfactor ...........................................................................................................52
Positie van de Europese Unie ................................................................................................................52
EU Sanctions Guidelines, standard clause .........................................................................................53
“close”, “genuine” (1) .......................................................................................................................53
Voornaamste en bijkomstige activiteiten ...............................................................................................54
Zeerechttribunaal, Norstar (Panama t. Italië), 2019: ............................................................................54
Het gebruik van de US Dollar? ............................................................................................................55
Jurisdictie volgens het EHRM .................................................................................................................55
2. Afbakening van concurrerende jurisdicties ............................................................................................57
Unilateraal: EU, “blocking statute” ........................................................................................................57
Consensueel: dubbelbelastingsverdragen .............................................................................................57
3. Invloed van andere rechtsregimes – ’doelgerichte’ aanknopingsfactoren .................................................58
Mensenrechten ....................................................................................................................................58
Milieurecht, etc. ...................................................................................................................................58
EU Richtlijn 2008/101/EG, uitstoot gassen ..........................................................................................58
Common but differentiated responsibilities........................................................................................59
Internationale misdaden .......................................................................................................................59
Universele jurisdictie? .......................................................................................................................59
Civiele jurisdictie ..............................................................................................................................60
1. Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................60
Wat? ....................................................................................................................................................60
Waarom? .............................................................................................................................................61
3
, Wie? ....................................................................................................................................................61
2. Staatsimmuniteit .................................................................................................................................61
Soevereine gelijkheid: par in parem non habet juridictionem ...................................................................61
Bronnen ...............................................................................................................................................62
“Staat” ................................................................................................................................................62
Uitoefening van jurisdictie .....................................................................................................................63
Jurisdictionele immuniteit .....................................................................................................................63
Concrete toepassingen (UNCI art. 10 e.v.) ..........................................................................................64
Bijzondere regelen (UNCI art. 7 e.v.) ...................................................................................................65
007: Spionnen en moordenaars .........................................................................................................65
Uitvoeringsimmuniteit ..........................................................................................................................65
Dagvaarding, betekening ......................................................................................................................66
In België … ...........................................................................................................................................67
3. diplomatieke immuniteit .......................................................................................................................67
Grondslag ............................................................................................................................................67
Begrippen ............................................................................................................................................67
Voor welke personen? ..........................................................................................................................67
Welke bescherming? ............................................................................................................................68
Jurisdictionele immuniteit: CDB art. 31 (uitzonderingen op de absolute immuniteit) .............................68
Uitvoeringsimmuniteit/onschendbaarheid: CDB art. 29 ......................................................................69
Toepassing in de ruimte: CDB art. 40 ..................................................................................................69
Toepassing in de tijd: CDB art. 9 en 39 ................................................................................................69
Voor welke goederen? ..........................................................................................................................70
Toepassingen .......................................................................................................................................70
IGH, Case concerning diplomatic and consular staff of the United States in Tehran (“Hostages Case”),
1980.................................................................................................................................................70
IGH, Immunities and criminal proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), 2020 ....................................71
4. de triade ..............................................................................................................................................72
Wie en wat? .........................................................................................................................................72
5. international organisaties .....................................................................................................................72
6. immuniteiten en internationale misdaden .............................................................................................73
Immuniteit, onschendbaarheid, en internationale misdaden ..................................................................73
IGH, Case concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (DRC v. Belgium) (‘Yerodia Case’) .................73
IGH, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy: Greece intervening), 2012 ........................74
4
INHOUDSOPGAVE
INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Wat is internationaal recht? ................................................................................................................... 9
De doelstellingen .................................................................................................................................. 9
Het studiemateriaal ..............................................................................................................................10
Bronnen - algemeen .................................................................................................................................11
Bronnen – hiërarchie ................................................................................................................................11
Gewoonte ...............................................................................................................................................12
Praktijk ................................................................................................................................................12
Opinio juris ..........................................................................................................................................13
ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, §73 ..................................................................13
ICJ, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State, §55 ...................................................................................14
ICJ, Continental Shelf Between Nicaragua and Colombia, 2023, §77 ....................................................14
Tegenstelbaarheid ................................................................................................................................15
Codificatie ...........................................................................................................................................15
Codificatieproces in wording: EHRM (Grote Kamer), Cudak t. Lithouwen ..............................................16
Algemene rechtsbeginselen .....................................................................................................................16
Bronnen – Verdragen ................................................................................................................................17
Sluiten en inwerkingtreding ...................................................................................................................17
Voorbehouden en interpretatieve verklaringen .......................................................................................18
Naleving, toepassing en interpretatie .....................................................................................................19
Naleving ...........................................................................................................................................19
Toepassing .......................................................................................................................................19
interpretatie art. 31-34 ......................................................................................................................20
Verdragen en derde Staten ....................................................................................................................21
Amendering van verdragen tussen enkele partijen : art. 41 ..................................................................21
Ongeldigheid, beëindiging .. ..................................................................................................................21
Bronnen – Eenzijdige rechtshandelingen ...................................................................................................22
Bronnen – handelingen van internationale organisaties ..............................................................................24
Bronnen – Soft law ...................................................................................................................................24
Verhouding tussen internationaal en intern recht .......................................................................................25
1
,Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................26
Wat? ....................................................................................................................................................26
Wie? ....................................................................................................................................................26
De staat ...............................................................................................................................................26
Decolonisatie ...................................................................................................................................28
Ius cogens ........................................................................................................................................28
Soevereiniteit ...................................................................................................................................29
Internationale organisaties ...................................................................................................................30
Definitie ...........................................................................................................................................30
Impliciete bevoegdheden ..................................................................................................................30
Delegatie en controle ........................................................................................................................31
Verantwoordelijkheid (accountability) ................................................................................................31
Formeel (IO) en informeel ..................................................................................................................31
Volkeren en individuen ......................................................................................................................31
Mensenrechten ................................................................................................................................32
niet-gouvernementele organisaties, bedrijven ....................................................................................33
Representativiteit .............................................................................................................................33
Aansprakelijkheid - algemeen ...................................................................................................................35
Staatsaanspralijkheid ..............................................................................................................................35
2.a Onrechtmatige gedraging ................................................................................................................35
2.b Toerekening ....................................................................................................................................36
2.c Schending ......................................................................................................................................37
2.d aansprakelijkheid voor gedraging van andere Staat ...........................................................................37
2.e Verschoningsgronden .....................................................................................................................37
2.f Gevolgen van de schending ..............................................................................................................39
2.g Inroepen van aansprakelijkheid ........................................................................................................39
2.h Tegenmaatregelen ..........................................................................................................................40
Aanspralijkheid van internationale organisaties .........................................................................................41
Casus : toerekening en controle ............................................................................................................42
Casus : Israël, Palestina........................................................................................................................43
233: .................................................................................................................................................43
274. .................................................................................................................................................44
§278: ................................................................................................................................................44
§279 .................................................................................................................................................45
2
, Opvolging door de Algemene Vergadering...........................................................................................45
Casus : klimaatsverandering .................................................................................................................46
Jurisdictie - algemeen ..............................................................................................................................49
Wat? ....................................................................................................................................................49
Hoe?....................................................................................................................................................49
Aanknopingsfactoren? ..........................................................................................................................49
Basisregel: PHIJ, Lotus (1927) ...............................................................................................................49
Basisregel: IGH, Nuclear Weapons, Decl. President M. Bedjaoui .............................................................50
Jurisdictie - afbakening .............................................................................................................................50
Kwaliteit van aanknopingsfactor!! ..........................................................................................................50
Proportionaliteit t.a.v. andere Staten .....................................................................................................51
Andere rechtsregimes...........................................................................................................................51
Kwaliteit van de aanknopingsfactor ...........................................................................................................52
Positie van de Europese Unie ................................................................................................................52
EU Sanctions Guidelines, standard clause .........................................................................................53
“close”, “genuine” (1) .......................................................................................................................53
Voornaamste en bijkomstige activiteiten ...............................................................................................54
Zeerechttribunaal, Norstar (Panama t. Italië), 2019: ............................................................................54
Het gebruik van de US Dollar? ............................................................................................................55
Jurisdictie volgens het EHRM .................................................................................................................55
2. Afbakening van concurrerende jurisdicties ............................................................................................57
Unilateraal: EU, “blocking statute” ........................................................................................................57
Consensueel: dubbelbelastingsverdragen .............................................................................................57
3. Invloed van andere rechtsregimes – ’doelgerichte’ aanknopingsfactoren .................................................58
Mensenrechten ....................................................................................................................................58
Milieurecht, etc. ...................................................................................................................................58
EU Richtlijn 2008/101/EG, uitstoot gassen ..........................................................................................58
Common but differentiated responsibilities........................................................................................59
Internationale misdaden .......................................................................................................................59
Universele jurisdictie? .......................................................................................................................59
Civiele jurisdictie ..............................................................................................................................60
1. Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................60
Wat? ....................................................................................................................................................60
Waarom? .............................................................................................................................................61
3
, Wie? ....................................................................................................................................................61
2. Staatsimmuniteit .................................................................................................................................61
Soevereine gelijkheid: par in parem non habet juridictionem ...................................................................61
Bronnen ...............................................................................................................................................62
“Staat” ................................................................................................................................................62
Uitoefening van jurisdictie .....................................................................................................................63
Jurisdictionele immuniteit .....................................................................................................................63
Concrete toepassingen (UNCI art. 10 e.v.) ..........................................................................................64
Bijzondere regelen (UNCI art. 7 e.v.) ...................................................................................................65
007: Spionnen en moordenaars .........................................................................................................65
Uitvoeringsimmuniteit ..........................................................................................................................65
Dagvaarding, betekening ......................................................................................................................66
In België … ...........................................................................................................................................67
3. diplomatieke immuniteit .......................................................................................................................67
Grondslag ............................................................................................................................................67
Begrippen ............................................................................................................................................67
Voor welke personen? ..........................................................................................................................67
Welke bescherming? ............................................................................................................................68
Jurisdictionele immuniteit: CDB art. 31 (uitzonderingen op de absolute immuniteit) .............................68
Uitvoeringsimmuniteit/onschendbaarheid: CDB art. 29 ......................................................................69
Toepassing in de ruimte: CDB art. 40 ..................................................................................................69
Toepassing in de tijd: CDB art. 9 en 39 ................................................................................................69
Voor welke goederen? ..........................................................................................................................70
Toepassingen .......................................................................................................................................70
IGH, Case concerning diplomatic and consular staff of the United States in Tehran (“Hostages Case”),
1980.................................................................................................................................................70
IGH, Immunities and criminal proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), 2020 ....................................71
4. de triade ..............................................................................................................................................72
Wie en wat? .........................................................................................................................................72
5. international organisaties .....................................................................................................................72
6. immuniteiten en internationale misdaden .............................................................................................73
Immuniteit, onschendbaarheid, en internationale misdaden ..................................................................73
IGH, Case concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (DRC v. Belgium) (‘Yerodia Case’) .................73
IGH, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy: Greece intervening), 2012 ........................74
4
