ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODICITY
↑
150 TOPES
RELATIVE MOLECULAR
RELATIVE ATOMIC
RELATIVEISOTOPIC MASS
-
elements with
MASS/A)
the some
MASS
↳ must be
number
-
-
a
10.
whole
of
-mean mass of a molecule
weighted
protons and
nea mass
mass
a
of
of
,
different
compared to
an
an
atum
atum
no
of
of
·
of neutrons
th
an
an
of the mass of on atom
element, compared
isotope
-
, compared
to
to
of carbon-12
I
-
I
12th
.
12th of the
of the
mass
mass
[Relative
compounds with
ofo n
of
Formula Mass
atan
on atan
of
of
is
giant structures
carbon-12
carbon-12
used for]
·
vaporised
MASS SPECTRA PREDICTING MASS SPECTRA
Call must add Oxygen is made from 2 isotopes "O 98 % abundance and "O 2% abundance.
to 100 % ) labundanceAx & A) Jabundance BxB)
+
Predict the mass O2
spectra for
75 % Ar =
total abundance
-
(75 x 35) + (25x377
I
2
175 + 2S) 168 18
8 0 0196 + 0 0196 . = 0 .
0392
- 25 % 35 5 "O
=
=
0 98x0 98 0 9604 0 98x0 02 96
2
. . .
= .
.
.
element - smallest
90-9640 02x0 =
n
"
0
ishlorine 0 02x0
. . . . 02 4 0 0392 : 0 0004
. . =
as
- example
to remember ! 0 . 9604 = 0 . 0004 = 2401
35363738 M12
31
I most have a +1
charge so this . 0004 = 0 0004
0 . = 1
value will be the same as
isotopic mass)
MOLECULE MASS SPECTRA
11
-
+ charge I mass
RELATIVE w
:
O charge 1 mass
" ATOMIC o
:
I
charge 1 mass
-
molecular ion 2000
MASS/Ar)
M +1
~peaneamr)
S mass .
10
- . 2
20
Ne , o actomic no
35 48 4S 50 M/2 RELATIVE M
I most have a +1
charge so this ISOTOPIC t
value will be the same as fragment mass)
ISOTOPES -
elements with the same no of protons ·
MASS
but a different no of neutrons
·
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
.
Is ?, 25 ?, 2 pt 35" 3p" 4s 30194p'
, , , , spin-pairing
-
when two e-occupy one orbital they spin in opposite directions to minimise repulsion
↳ e-
S OBRITAL PORBITAL CHRONIUM AND COPPER
Oze so
X2 x 2
800 go Y 2 = ) g Cr : 152252p63523p"3d54s' lons : lose from 45
P PY Pz NOT
not 3 d10 first!
spherical dumbell
1 orbitals 3 orbitals Is "2522p63s23p63d
"
45
↳ ze-
↳ be-
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
* -bloc
-energy
shows types of radiation at different frequencies ATOMS ATOM EMISSION SPECTRA
RADIOWAVES MICROWAVES INFRARED VISIBLELIGHT ULTAVIOLET X-RAYS GAMMARAYS identifies elements & is evidence for quantum shells
shows the frequency of
out when
>
-
light given an
e-levels:
"wavelength
- electron moves down
n =3
energy/frequ ↑ discrete move)
(e
energy values can
1=5
moves up e-is excited IEM RADIATION ABSORDED closer-higher
energy
:
⑨ n =2
moves down
energy released (EM RADIATION
: EMIEED) lines
tes energy 1 = 4
= ground
n
1 =3
M
each state'
energy shell has a fixed energy
↓ shell closest to the z A =
2
it radiation emitted fixed defined lines fixed between
nucheus
series
frequency exist in shells never the
-
proved
-
n = 1
e-Isave e- structure
ISOELECTRONIC Some no
- .
IONISATION
-
FIRSTIE -
-
Minimum amount of energy required to remove
W
10 from each atom on
in element mole of to form one mole of gaseous ions with a +1
charge SUCCES
↑
150 TOPES
RELATIVE MOLECULAR
RELATIVE ATOMIC
RELATIVEISOTOPIC MASS
-
elements with
MASS/A)
the some
MASS
↳ must be
number
-
-
a
10.
whole
of
-mean mass of a molecule
weighted
protons and
nea mass
mass
a
of
of
,
different
compared to
an
an
atum
atum
no
of
of
·
of neutrons
th
an
an
of the mass of on atom
element, compared
isotope
-
, compared
to
to
of carbon-12
I
-
I
12th
.
12th of the
of the
mass
mass
[Relative
compounds with
ofo n
of
Formula Mass
atan
on atan
of
of
is
giant structures
carbon-12
carbon-12
used for]
·
vaporised
MASS SPECTRA PREDICTING MASS SPECTRA
Call must add Oxygen is made from 2 isotopes "O 98 % abundance and "O 2% abundance.
to 100 % ) labundanceAx & A) Jabundance BxB)
+
Predict the mass O2
spectra for
75 % Ar =
total abundance
-
(75 x 35) + (25x377
I
2
175 + 2S) 168 18
8 0 0196 + 0 0196 . = 0 .
0392
- 25 % 35 5 "O
=
=
0 98x0 98 0 9604 0 98x0 02 96
2
. . .
= .
.
.
element - smallest
90-9640 02x0 =
n
"
0
ishlorine 0 02x0
. . . . 02 4 0 0392 : 0 0004
. . =
as
- example
to remember ! 0 . 9604 = 0 . 0004 = 2401
35363738 M12
31
I most have a +1
charge so this . 0004 = 0 0004
0 . = 1
value will be the same as
isotopic mass)
MOLECULE MASS SPECTRA
11
-
+ charge I mass
RELATIVE w
:
O charge 1 mass
" ATOMIC o
:
I
charge 1 mass
-
molecular ion 2000
MASS/Ar)
M +1
~peaneamr)
S mass .
10
- . 2
20
Ne , o actomic no
35 48 4S 50 M/2 RELATIVE M
I most have a +1
charge so this ISOTOPIC t
value will be the same as fragment mass)
ISOTOPES -
elements with the same no of protons ·
MASS
but a different no of neutrons
·
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
.
Is ?, 25 ?, 2 pt 35" 3p" 4s 30194p'
, , , , spin-pairing
-
when two e-occupy one orbital they spin in opposite directions to minimise repulsion
↳ e-
S OBRITAL PORBITAL CHRONIUM AND COPPER
Oze so
X2 x 2
800 go Y 2 = ) g Cr : 152252p63523p"3d54s' lons : lose from 45
P PY Pz NOT
not 3 d10 first!
spherical dumbell
1 orbitals 3 orbitals Is "2522p63s23p63d
"
45
↳ ze-
↳ be-
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
* -bloc
-energy
shows types of radiation at different frequencies ATOMS ATOM EMISSION SPECTRA
RADIOWAVES MICROWAVES INFRARED VISIBLELIGHT ULTAVIOLET X-RAYS GAMMARAYS identifies elements & is evidence for quantum shells
shows the frequency of
out when
>
-
light given an
e-levels:
"wavelength
- electron moves down
n =3
energy/frequ ↑ discrete move)
(e
energy values can
1=5
moves up e-is excited IEM RADIATION ABSORDED closer-higher
energy
:
⑨ n =2
moves down
energy released (EM RADIATION
: EMIEED) lines
tes energy 1 = 4
= ground
n
1 =3
M
each state'
energy shell has a fixed energy
↓ shell closest to the z A =
2
it radiation emitted fixed defined lines fixed between
nucheus
series
frequency exist in shells never the
-
proved
-
n = 1
e-Isave e- structure
ISOELECTRONIC Some no
- .
IONISATION
-
FIRSTIE -
-
Minimum amount of energy required to remove
W
10 from each atom on
in element mole of to form one mole of gaseous ions with a +1
charge SUCCES
