Summary Engels module 3 & 4 |

Engels module 3 en 4
1 English Grammar and Communication Skills................................................................................................................2
1.1 Modal auxiliaries...................................................................................................................................................2
1.2 The noun................................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 The genitive...........................................................................................................................................................7
1.4 Adjectives..............................................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Adverbs................................................................................................................................................................10
1.6 Expressing quantity..............................................................................................................................................13
1.7 As, as if, like, so, such as.......................................................................................................................................14
1.8 Verbs often mixed up...........................................................................................................................................15
1.9 Numbers..............................................................................................................................................................15
1.10 Dates..................................................................................................................................................................17
1.11 Linking words.....................................................................................................................................................18
1.12 Giving directions or instructions........................................................................................................................18
2 Legal topics................................................................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 Nuisance..............................................................................................................................................................19
2.2 Contracts.............................................................................................................................................................20
2.3 Abortion in the US...............................................................................................................................................22
3 Texts............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
3.1 The day I went to prison......................................................................................................................................23
3.2 Why prison doesn’t work for women..................................................................................................................25

,1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1.1 Modal auxiliaries
The modal verbs are: can, could, must, should, ought, may, might, will, would, shall
 Modal verb + infinitive without to
o Uitz: ought to infinitive
o Infinitive can be simple, continuous, perfect or passive
 Negative --> + not / n’t
 Questions: subject + modal verb
 Present VS future: same form
 Past: modal verb + have + past participle

Necessity I must clean my shoes
We have to wait here.
No necessity You needn’t wear a tie
You don’t have to wear a tie.
The right thing to do You should complain
You ought to complain.
Permission Can I go? / May I go?
Certainty The game will be over now
This place must be crowded in summer.
Impossibility This can’t be real gold.
Probability Things should start to get better.
Possibility We may/might go out later
We could go out later.
Ability I can ski
I could ski when I was a child
We were able to ski all afternoon.
Hypothesis A million pounds would be very useful.
Past habits My friend would always call on me after school
We used to play together every day.

Must and have to
 Necessary now or in the near future
o must:
 when the speaker decides what is necessary
 You must fill in a form (I’m telling you)
 also used when the speaker wan to recommend something enjoyable
 We must have lunch together some time
o have to:
 when the necessity comes from the situation
 You have to fill in a form (That’s the rule)

Needn’t, don’t have to and mustn’t
 Needn’t and don’t have to
o To say that something is not necessary
 Needn’t have done and didn’t need to
o To talk about an unnecessary past action
 didn’t need to: when someone didn’t do something because it wasn’t necessary
 both: when someone did something which we now know was unnecessary
 Mustn’t
o To tell someone not to do something / say it is necessary to avoid something / to forbid something (may not)

, Should and ought to
 The right thing to do
o both: to say what is the right thing or the best thing to do
 Should: negative, short answers
 Probability
o Should:
 to say that something is probable (present / future)
 negative: shouldn’t
 ‘if all goes well’

Can, could and may
 Asking permission
o Could is more polite, may is more formal
 Giving and refusing permission
o Can / may: to give permission (may is more formal)
o Cannot / can’t: to refuse permission
 Talking about permission
o Can: present and future
o Could: past

‘Will’, ‘must’ and ‘can’t’ expressing certainty
 Will
o Assumption
 Must
o Certainty
 Can’t
o For something we see as impossible
 Can’t >< Must
 Had to / couldn’t
o When something seemed certain in the past
 The fingerprints were the husband’s, so he had to be the murderer

May and might
 Could
o to suggest possible future actions
 requests and in an offer of help
o for something that is possibly true / for an uncertain prediction
o could have pp: possible actions in the past
 Can
o requests and in an offer of help
o to say something is generally possible

‘Can’ and ‘could’ expressing possibility
 Can / could
o Can: to express ability
o Could: for ability in the past
o Both: for an opportunity to do something
 Be able to (= can)
o For ability or opportunity (present)
 Could and was/were able to
o Was/were able to: an action in a particular situation
o Could: used with verbs of perception and verbs of thinking
o Both: to talk about a general ability in the past