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Blood-Brain Barrier - A semipermeable membrane that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid, playing a crucial role in protecting the brain from harmful substances. Hepatic Metabolism - The process by which drugs are broken down by the liver into metabolites, often to inactivate the drug and facilitate its excretion from the body. Parenteral Dose - A dose of medication administered by a route other than the digestive tract, such as intravenously or intramuscula...

Opioid peptides - Peptides that produce analgesia when administered and share structural similarities with morphine-like drugs. Morphine-like drugs - Drugs that produce analgesia and share structural similarities with opioid peptides, binding to the same CNS receptors. Analgesia - Pain relief. Cross-tolerance - When tolerance to one substance results in a similar tolerance to another substance.

Tolerance to respiratory depression - Develops with prolonged opioid use, allowing addicts to take lethal doses without effect. Respiratory depression monitoring - Check respiratory rate before opioid administration; withhold if <12 breaths/min. High-risk groups for respiratory depression - Include young, elderly, and respiratory disease patients; monitor closely. Risk communication to outpatients - Inform about respiratory depression risk; advise to report distress.

Blood-Brain Barrier - A barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain easily. Hepatic Metabolism - The process by which the liver breaks down drugs and other substances. First Pass Effect - The phenomenon where a drug is extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation.

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Respiratory Depression - The most serious adverse effect of opioids, primarily through activation of mu receptors, with onset varying by route of administration. Equianalgesic Doses - Doses of different drugs or forms of the same drug that provide equivalent analgesic effects. Death Following Overdose - Almost always from respiratory arrest in cases of opioid overdose. Tolerance to Respiratory Depression - Develops with prolonged opioid use, where individuals require higher doses for the...

Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome - The syndrome that occurs when individuals who are physically dependent on opioids stop taking them, characterized by symptoms such as yawning, rhinorrhea, sweating, anorexia, irritability, tremor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, muscle pain, and more. Half-life of Opioids - The time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated from the body, influencing the intensity and duration of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Physical Dependence - A state wher...

Cross-tolerance - Phenomenon where tolerance to one opioid agent results in tolerance to others, but not to general CNS depressants. Physical Dependence - State where abrupt cessation of drug leads to withdrawal symptoms due to adaptive cellular changes. Abstinence Syndrome - Symptoms following opioid withdrawal, intensity and duration depend on drug half-life and physical dependence. Half-life - Time taken for the concentration of a drug in the body to reduce by half. Morphine - An opio...

The package contain questi0ns with answers for the year {2024/2025} for a student

New units of Paks nuclear plant to provide Hungary with clean energy — Putin. - 5 JUL, 21:47. New units of Paks nuclear plant to provide Hungary with clean energy — Putin. "Power supplies to the Hungarian economy, provision of inexpensive and pure energy for industrial plants and households will be thereby improved." - "Power supplies to the Hungarian economy, provision of inexpensive and pure energy for industrial plants and households will be thereby improved," the Russian leader p...