NURS 6003 M1 Assignment-1 - Cellular Changes and Healing Questions with Correct Answers
Graded A+
Atrophy - Answers When a cell decreases in size due to lack of movement activity, loss of blood
supply or diminished nerve signals. Example: breast tissue after menopause.
Hypertrophy - Answers When a cell increases in size. Example: breast tissue at pregnancy.
Hyperplasia - Answers An increase in number of cells. Example: Breast tissue at puberty.
Metaplasia - Answers A change in one type of cells to another type of cell. This increases risk of
cancer. Example: Changes in Esophagus in GERD.
Dysplasia - Answers Abnormal differentiation of dividing cells. Cells have enlarged, darkened
nucleus. These cells have a high risk of transforming into cancer. Example: Esophageal cells
turning into cancer due to GERD.
Plasma/Cell membrane - Answers Is the gate keeper of the cell. Separates the intracellular
components from the extracellular environment.
Selective Permeability - Answers The ability of cell membranes to create a barrier to water
soluble substances.
Substances that CAN cross the cell membrane - Answers Lipid soluble substances (ex. O2, CO2,
non-polar compounds).
Substances that CANNOT cross the cell membrane - Answers Water soluble ions (Na+, K+)
glucose.
Mitochondrial diseases transmission - Answers Maternal gametes have many mitochondrial
genes, so most mitochondrial genes are only passed through the maternal line. Sperm do not
carry that many mitochondrial genes.
Hypotonic solutions - Answers Have lower osmolarity than intracellular fluid, causes water
movement into the cell, and the cell swells. (Less than <0.9% NS).
Hypertonic solutions - Answers Have greater osmolarity than the intracellular fluid, causes
water to leave the cell, and cell shrinks. (Greater than >0.9% NS).
Isotonic solutions - Answers Has the same osmolality as intracellular fluid, cell volume remains
unchanged. (Ex. 0.9% NS).
Diagnosis of Acromegaly - Answers MRI. Confirmation would be elevated levels of IGF-1 in the
blood followed by measuring growth hormone.
Clinical Manifestations of Acromegaly - Answers Enlarged hands and feet, enlarged facial
features, enlarged internal organs (heart, liver, kidney), anti-insulin effect leads to
, HYPERglycemia.
Visual disturbances in acromegaly - Answers Visual field defects due to optic nerve pressure.
Pathogenesis of Acromegaly - Answers Pituitary adenoma causes excessive growth hormone
from the pituitary gland and secondary increase in GHRH and in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-
1). This leads to hyperplasia.
Significance of Pap smear - Answers In a Pap smear, cervical cells are smeared on a glass slide
and viewed under microscope to detect abnormal cell changes.
Virus associated with cervical cancer - Answers HPV (16,18).
Fluid requirement in burn patient - Answers Parkland Formula: 4 ml of Lactated Ringer's per
kilogram per % BSA over first 24 hours.
First ½ administration - Answers Given over first 8 hours and second ½ given over next 16 hours.
Rule of '9' - Answers Method of calculating TBSA burned. Each body part is a multiple of 9%.
Crohn's disease - Answers Infectious condition characterized by skip lesions in any portion of
the GI tract, with the hallmark being the terminal ileum, small intestine, and colon.
Signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease - Answers Watery diarrhea, strictures, fistulas, and
malabsorption.
Colonoscopy findings in Crohn's disease - Answers Will show a cobblestone pattern alternating
between affected and unaffected areas of inflammation.
Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease - Answers Migratory polyarthritis, erythema
nodosum.
Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Autoimmune condition characterized by continuous lesions in the
colon.
Signs and symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Bloody diarrhea, severe stenosis, toxic
megacolon, colorectal cancer.
Colonoscopy findings in Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Mucosal erythema.
Extraintestinal manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Pyoderma gangrenosum.
Chronic gastritis and Vitamin B12 deficiency - Answers Antibodies are formed against intrinsic
factor, leading to impairment of vitamin B12 absorption.
Aspirin MOA - Answers Inhibits production of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase
enzyme (COX).
Graded A+
Atrophy - Answers When a cell decreases in size due to lack of movement activity, loss of blood
supply or diminished nerve signals. Example: breast tissue after menopause.
Hypertrophy - Answers When a cell increases in size. Example: breast tissue at pregnancy.
Hyperplasia - Answers An increase in number of cells. Example: Breast tissue at puberty.
Metaplasia - Answers A change in one type of cells to another type of cell. This increases risk of
cancer. Example: Changes in Esophagus in GERD.
Dysplasia - Answers Abnormal differentiation of dividing cells. Cells have enlarged, darkened
nucleus. These cells have a high risk of transforming into cancer. Example: Esophageal cells
turning into cancer due to GERD.
Plasma/Cell membrane - Answers Is the gate keeper of the cell. Separates the intracellular
components from the extracellular environment.
Selective Permeability - Answers The ability of cell membranes to create a barrier to water
soluble substances.
Substances that CAN cross the cell membrane - Answers Lipid soluble substances (ex. O2, CO2,
non-polar compounds).
Substances that CANNOT cross the cell membrane - Answers Water soluble ions (Na+, K+)
glucose.
Mitochondrial diseases transmission - Answers Maternal gametes have many mitochondrial
genes, so most mitochondrial genes are only passed through the maternal line. Sperm do not
carry that many mitochondrial genes.
Hypotonic solutions - Answers Have lower osmolarity than intracellular fluid, causes water
movement into the cell, and the cell swells. (Less than <0.9% NS).
Hypertonic solutions - Answers Have greater osmolarity than the intracellular fluid, causes
water to leave the cell, and cell shrinks. (Greater than >0.9% NS).
Isotonic solutions - Answers Has the same osmolality as intracellular fluid, cell volume remains
unchanged. (Ex. 0.9% NS).
Diagnosis of Acromegaly - Answers MRI. Confirmation would be elevated levels of IGF-1 in the
blood followed by measuring growth hormone.
Clinical Manifestations of Acromegaly - Answers Enlarged hands and feet, enlarged facial
features, enlarged internal organs (heart, liver, kidney), anti-insulin effect leads to
, HYPERglycemia.
Visual disturbances in acromegaly - Answers Visual field defects due to optic nerve pressure.
Pathogenesis of Acromegaly - Answers Pituitary adenoma causes excessive growth hormone
from the pituitary gland and secondary increase in GHRH and in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-
1). This leads to hyperplasia.
Significance of Pap smear - Answers In a Pap smear, cervical cells are smeared on a glass slide
and viewed under microscope to detect abnormal cell changes.
Virus associated with cervical cancer - Answers HPV (16,18).
Fluid requirement in burn patient - Answers Parkland Formula: 4 ml of Lactated Ringer's per
kilogram per % BSA over first 24 hours.
First ½ administration - Answers Given over first 8 hours and second ½ given over next 16 hours.
Rule of '9' - Answers Method of calculating TBSA burned. Each body part is a multiple of 9%.
Crohn's disease - Answers Infectious condition characterized by skip lesions in any portion of
the GI tract, with the hallmark being the terminal ileum, small intestine, and colon.
Signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease - Answers Watery diarrhea, strictures, fistulas, and
malabsorption.
Colonoscopy findings in Crohn's disease - Answers Will show a cobblestone pattern alternating
between affected and unaffected areas of inflammation.
Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease - Answers Migratory polyarthritis, erythema
nodosum.
Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Autoimmune condition characterized by continuous lesions in the
colon.
Signs and symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Bloody diarrhea, severe stenosis, toxic
megacolon, colorectal cancer.
Colonoscopy findings in Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Mucosal erythema.
Extraintestinal manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Pyoderma gangrenosum.
Chronic gastritis and Vitamin B12 deficiency - Answers Antibodies are formed against intrinsic
factor, leading to impairment of vitamin B12 absorption.
Aspirin MOA - Answers Inhibits production of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase
enzyme (COX).
