M checkpoint
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Are the chromosomes attached to the microtubules?
Stages of vertebrate development
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Zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, neurulation, and organogenesis
Organogenesis
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Development of organs and other structures by coordinated growth,
patterning, differentiation, morphogenesis
Patterning
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As groups of cells acquire different combinations of transcription factors
based upon their location, the embryo becomes divided into broad
regions that will become major tissues/body regions
How do chromosome structure mutations create truncated proteins?
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Causing frameshifts or deleting exons
Maternal determinants
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Proteins and mRNAs that are localized to particular parts of the cytoplasm
in the egg cell and zygote that are positioned during egg production;
usually transcription factors or intercellular signaling ligands and receptors
,Which of the following indels would most likely result in a shortened protein when
introduced into the protein coding portion of an exon?
A. Insertion of AT
B. Deletion of TTG
C. Insertion of ATG
D. Deletion of TTGCCG
E. Insertion of TTT
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A - indels that are multiples of 3 will maintain the ORF and just add/remove
amino acids; if only 2 nucleotides are added the reading frame will be
shifted
Differentiation
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When cells take on their final form and function
Alkylating chemicals
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Alkylating chemicals like ENU and EMS change the structure of the N-
containing bases; used to introduce substitutions in genetic model systems
Mitotic phase
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M phase - when the cell divides; two parts: mitosis and cytokinesis
Allopolyploid
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Organism obtains an additional full set of chromosomes through
hybridization of two related species followed by chromosomal
nondisjunction
Metaphase
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Chromosomes line up exactly between centrosomes
Chromosome structure mutations
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Changes in gene number, order, and/or distribution on chromosomes;
types: deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations
Checkpoints
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Are the chromosomes attached to the microtubules?
Stages of vertebrate development
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Zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, neurulation, and organogenesis
Organogenesis
,Give this one a try later!
Development of organs and other structures by coordinated growth,
patterning, differentiation, morphogenesis
Patterning
Give this one a try later!
As groups of cells acquire different combinations of transcription factors
based upon their location, the embryo becomes divided into broad
regions that will become major tissues/body regions
How do chromosome structure mutations create truncated proteins?
Give this one a try later!
Causing frameshifts or deleting exons
Maternal determinants
Give this one a try later!
Proteins and mRNAs that are localized to particular parts of the cytoplasm
in the egg cell and zygote that are positioned during egg production;
usually transcription factors or intercellular signaling ligands and receptors
,Which of the following indels would most likely result in a shortened protein when
introduced into the protein coding portion of an exon?
A. Insertion of AT
B. Deletion of TTG
C. Insertion of ATG
D. Deletion of TTGCCG
E. Insertion of TTT
Give this one a try later!
A - indels that are multiples of 3 will maintain the ORF and just add/remove
amino acids; if only 2 nucleotides are added the reading frame will be
shifted
Differentiation
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When cells take on their final form and function
Alkylating chemicals
Give this one a try later!
Alkylating chemicals like ENU and EMS change the structure of the N-
containing bases; used to introduce substitutions in genetic model systems
Mitotic phase
, Give this one a try later!
M phase - when the cell divides; two parts: mitosis and cytokinesis
Allopolyploid
Give this one a try later!
Organism obtains an additional full set of chromosomes through
hybridization of two related species followed by chromosomal
nondisjunction
Metaphase
Give this one a try later!
Chromosomes line up exactly between centrosomes
Chromosome structure mutations
Give this one a try later!
Changes in gene number, order, and/or distribution on chromosomes;
types: deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations
Checkpoints
