ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL
EXAM REVIEW|| 2025 LATEST
UPDATE|| VERIFIED A+
What are the levels of organization? - ANSWER1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organismal level
Superior - ANSWERTowards the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior - ANSWERTowards the feet, or the lowest part of a structure
Anterior/Ventral - ANSWERNearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal - ANSWERNearer to or at the back of the body
Medial - ANSWERNearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane
Lateral - ANSWERFarther away from the body midline or midsagittal plane
Intermediate - ANSWERBetween two structures
Proximal - ANSWERNearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk
Distal - ANSWERFarther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial - ANSWERToward or on the body surface
Deep - ANSWERAway from the surface of the body
Supination - ANSWERPalms up/anterior
Pronation - ANSWERPalms down/posterior
Inversion - ANSWERSoles pointing in or medially
Eversion - ANSWERSoles pointing out or laterally
Dorsiflexion - ANSWERBending the foot back, towards the body
,Plantar Flexion - ANSWERPointing the foot down, away from the body
Cranial - ANSWERTowards the head or superior end of the body
Caudal - ANSWERToward the tail or inferior end of the trunk (cauda equina)
Ipsilateral - ANSWERSituated on or pertaining to the same side of the body
Contralateral - ANSWERSituated on or pertaining to the opposite side of the body
Flexion - ANSWERDecrease of angle between two bones
Lateral flexion - ANSWERBending the neck or torso to the side
Rotation - ANSWERMoving a bone or body part around its own axis
Abduction - ANSWERMovement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - ANSWERMovement toward the midline of the body
Antecubital - ANSWERSituated in front of the elbow
Axillary - ANSWERSmall pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest and arm
Brachial - ANSWERPertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow)
Buccal - ANSWERCheek
Calcaneal - ANSWERHeel
Carpal - ANSWERWrist
Cervical - ANSWERNeck or neck of an organ structure
Digital - ANSWERFinger manipulation or imprint
Femoral - ANSWERThigh
Glabella - ANSWERBetween the eyebrows
Gluteal - ANSWERButtocks
Inguinal - ANSWERThe juncture between the abdomen and thigh (groin)
Lumbar - ANSWERPart of the back between the thorax and pelvis (loins)
,Mammary - ANSWERBreast
Occipital - ANSWERPosterior inferior portion of the cranium
Orbital - ANSWERBone cavity of the eyeball
Patellar - ANSWERFront of the knee
Plantar - ANSWERSole of the foot
Popliteal - ANSWERPosterior surface of the knee (back of the knee)
Pubic - ANSWERAnterior inferior portion of the hip bone
Scapular - ANSWERFlat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder (shoulder blade)
Sternal - ANSWERSternum
Tarsal - ANSWERAnkle bones
Thoracic - ANSWERChest or spinal region (thorax)
Vertebral - ANSWERPertaining to the 24 bones of the spinal column
Saggital Plane - ANSWERVertical plane that divides the body/organs into *right and left
sides.*
Midsaggital Plane - ANSWERWhen the right and left sides are *equal in size* and *runs
through the midline of the body/organs*
Parasaggital plane - ANSWERWhen the body/organs are divided into *unequal right
and left sides.*
Frontal/Coronal Plane - ANSWERDivides the body/organs into *anterior and posterior
portions.*
Transverse Plane - ANSWERDivides the body into *superior and inferior portions.*
Oblique Plane - ANSWERPasses through the body/organ at a *diagonal angle.*
Four Quadrants - ANSWERLeft Lower Quadrant:
Intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Lower Quadrant:
appendix, intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
, Right Upper Quadrant:
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines
Left Upper Quadrant:
stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas and intestines
What is a serous membrane and what lines the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera? -
ANSWERThe thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body
cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
-The serous membrane covering the *heart* and lining the *mediastinum* is referred to
as the *pericardium,
-The serous membrane lining the *thoracic cavity* and *surrounding the lungs* is
referred to as the *pleura*
-The serous membrane that lines the *abdominopelvic cavity* and the *viscera* is
referred to as the *peritoneum.*
Body cavities w/ details visual - ANSWER
Homeostasis - ANSWERMaintaining a stable internal environment
-Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
*Positive feedback loop* - The output *enhances the original stimulus.* A good example
of a positive feedback system is *child birth.* During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is
released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions
causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The
birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.
*Negative feedback loop* - Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
feedback mechanisms.
-These mechanisms *change the variable back to its original state or "ideal value".*
- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative
feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change .
In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering
blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops
releasing insulin.
*Homeostasis control variables*
EXAM REVIEW|| 2025 LATEST
UPDATE|| VERIFIED A+
What are the levels of organization? - ANSWER1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organismal level
Superior - ANSWERTowards the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior - ANSWERTowards the feet, or the lowest part of a structure
Anterior/Ventral - ANSWERNearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal - ANSWERNearer to or at the back of the body
Medial - ANSWERNearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane
Lateral - ANSWERFarther away from the body midline or midsagittal plane
Intermediate - ANSWERBetween two structures
Proximal - ANSWERNearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk
Distal - ANSWERFarther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial - ANSWERToward or on the body surface
Deep - ANSWERAway from the surface of the body
Supination - ANSWERPalms up/anterior
Pronation - ANSWERPalms down/posterior
Inversion - ANSWERSoles pointing in or medially
Eversion - ANSWERSoles pointing out or laterally
Dorsiflexion - ANSWERBending the foot back, towards the body
,Plantar Flexion - ANSWERPointing the foot down, away from the body
Cranial - ANSWERTowards the head or superior end of the body
Caudal - ANSWERToward the tail or inferior end of the trunk (cauda equina)
Ipsilateral - ANSWERSituated on or pertaining to the same side of the body
Contralateral - ANSWERSituated on or pertaining to the opposite side of the body
Flexion - ANSWERDecrease of angle between two bones
Lateral flexion - ANSWERBending the neck or torso to the side
Rotation - ANSWERMoving a bone or body part around its own axis
Abduction - ANSWERMovement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - ANSWERMovement toward the midline of the body
Antecubital - ANSWERSituated in front of the elbow
Axillary - ANSWERSmall pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest and arm
Brachial - ANSWERPertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow)
Buccal - ANSWERCheek
Calcaneal - ANSWERHeel
Carpal - ANSWERWrist
Cervical - ANSWERNeck or neck of an organ structure
Digital - ANSWERFinger manipulation or imprint
Femoral - ANSWERThigh
Glabella - ANSWERBetween the eyebrows
Gluteal - ANSWERButtocks
Inguinal - ANSWERThe juncture between the abdomen and thigh (groin)
Lumbar - ANSWERPart of the back between the thorax and pelvis (loins)
,Mammary - ANSWERBreast
Occipital - ANSWERPosterior inferior portion of the cranium
Orbital - ANSWERBone cavity of the eyeball
Patellar - ANSWERFront of the knee
Plantar - ANSWERSole of the foot
Popliteal - ANSWERPosterior surface of the knee (back of the knee)
Pubic - ANSWERAnterior inferior portion of the hip bone
Scapular - ANSWERFlat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder (shoulder blade)
Sternal - ANSWERSternum
Tarsal - ANSWERAnkle bones
Thoracic - ANSWERChest or spinal region (thorax)
Vertebral - ANSWERPertaining to the 24 bones of the spinal column
Saggital Plane - ANSWERVertical plane that divides the body/organs into *right and left
sides.*
Midsaggital Plane - ANSWERWhen the right and left sides are *equal in size* and *runs
through the midline of the body/organs*
Parasaggital plane - ANSWERWhen the body/organs are divided into *unequal right
and left sides.*
Frontal/Coronal Plane - ANSWERDivides the body/organs into *anterior and posterior
portions.*
Transverse Plane - ANSWERDivides the body into *superior and inferior portions.*
Oblique Plane - ANSWERPasses through the body/organ at a *diagonal angle.*
Four Quadrants - ANSWERLeft Lower Quadrant:
Intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Lower Quadrant:
appendix, intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
, Right Upper Quadrant:
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines
Left Upper Quadrant:
stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas and intestines
What is a serous membrane and what lines the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera? -
ANSWERThe thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body
cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
-The serous membrane covering the *heart* and lining the *mediastinum* is referred to
as the *pericardium,
-The serous membrane lining the *thoracic cavity* and *surrounding the lungs* is
referred to as the *pleura*
-The serous membrane that lines the *abdominopelvic cavity* and the *viscera* is
referred to as the *peritoneum.*
Body cavities w/ details visual - ANSWER
Homeostasis - ANSWERMaintaining a stable internal environment
-Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
*Positive feedback loop* - The output *enhances the original stimulus.* A good example
of a positive feedback system is *child birth.* During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is
released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions
causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The
birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.
*Negative feedback loop* - Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
feedback mechanisms.
-These mechanisms *change the variable back to its original state or "ideal value".*
- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative
feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change .
In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering
blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops
releasing insulin.
*Homeostasis control variables*
