Endocrine System (Physiology) Questions And Correct Answers

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (PHYSIOLOGY)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
MainA2functionA2ofA2theA2endocrineA2systemA2-A2Ans--
ToA2coordinateA2bodyA2systemsA2andA2maintainA2homeostasis

EndocrineA2systemA2-A2Ans--
worksA2withA2theA2nervousA2system,A2andA2isA2aA2moreA2leisurelyA2systemA2ofA2communic
ationA2thanA2theA2nervousA2system

EndocrineA2glandsA2-A2Ans--
glandsA2ofA2theA2endocrineA2systemA2thatA2containA2secretoryA2cellsA2thatA2releaseA2horm
onesA2intoA2theA2extracellularA2fluidA2whereA2theyA2diffuseA2intoA2theA2bloodstream

HormonesA2-A2Ans--
chemicalA2messengers,A2mostlyA2thoseA2manufacturedA2byA2theA2endocrineA2glands,A2tha
tA2areA2producedA2inA2oneA2tissueA2andA2affectA2another

TheA2majorA2endocrineA2glandsA2are...A2-A2Ans--
Pituitary,A2Thyroid,A2Parathyroids,A2AdrenalsA2andA2Pineal

OrgansA2thatA2haveA2endocrineA2tissueA2include...A2-A2Ans--
Hypothalamus,A2Thymus,A2Pancreas,A2Ovaries,A2Testes,A2Heart,A2Placenta,A2Stomach,A2
IntestinesA2andA2Kidneys

TargetA2CellsA2-A2Ans--
cellsA2thatA2recognizeA2theA2hormone'sA2chemicalA2structure,A2theyA2comeA2inA2contactA2
withA2hormonesA2andA2areA2affectedA2byA2them

ReceptorsA2-A2Ans--
onA2targetA2cells,A2theyA2areA2proteinA2moleculesA2thatA2recognizeA2andA2bindA2toA2specifi
cA2hormones,A2theyA2determineA2whetherA2theA2cellA2isA2affectedA2byA2thatA2hormone

TheA2chemicalA2makeupA2ofA2theA2hormoneA2determines...A2-A2Ans--
howA2theA2hormoneA2canA2influenceA2theA2targetA2cells

TwoA2mainA2typesA2ofA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--Lipid-soluble,A2Water-soluble

SteroidsA2-A2Ans--aA2lipid-
solubleA2hormoneA2thatA2isA2areA2derivedA2fromA2cholesterolA2andA2areA2mostlyA2secreted
A2mostlyA2fromA2theA2ovaries,A2testesA2andA2adrenalA2glands

, Lipid-solubleA2hormoneA2-A2Ans--
NewA2mRNAA2isA2formedA2andA2directsA2synthesisA2ofA2newA2proteins,A2NewA2proteinA2alt
ersA2cell'sA2activity

Water-solubleA2hormoneA2-A2Ans--
madeA2ofA2aminoA2acids,A2cannotA2passA2throughA2lipidA2bilayerA2ofA2theA2plasmaA2memb
rane,A2alreadyA2presentA2inA2cell

Lipid-solubleA2hormoneA2process:A2-A2Ans--
theyA2moveA2easilyA2throughA2targetA2cell'sA2plasmaA2membrane.A2insideA2theA2steroidA2h
ormoneA2combinesA2withA2theA2receptorA2molecules.A2InsideA2theA2nucleusA2theA2hormon
eA2receptorA2attachesA2toA2DNAA2andA2activatesA2genesA2toA2synthesizeA2proteins

Water-solubleA2hormoneA2process:A2-A2Ans--
ConsideredA2firstA2messengers,A2ExertA2theirA2effectsA2indirectlyA2byA2bindingA2toA2recept
orsA2onA2theA2surfaceA2ofA2theA2targetA2cellA2whichA2stimulatesA2secondA2messengersA2
withinA2theA2cellA2thatA2carryA2outA2theA2effectA2
ofA2theA2hormone

cyclicA2adenosineA2monophosphateA2(cAMP)A2-A2Ans--
secondA2messenger.A2HormonesA2bindA2oA2theA2receptorA2siteA2whichA2promptsA2theA2co
nversionA2ofA2ATPA2toA2cAMP,A2thenA2theA2cAMPA2activatesA2theA2enzymeA2withinA2theA2c
ellA2whichA2turnsA2onA2anotherA2andA2soA2on.

ProteinA2KinaseA2-A2Ans--
AnA2enzymeA2thatA2transfersA2phosphateA2groupsA2fromA2ATPA2toA2aA2protein,A2thusA2pho
sphorylatingA2theA2protein.

NegativeA2FeedbackA2mechanismA2-A2Ans--
(moreA2common)A2aA2controlA2systemA2whereA2aA2stimulusA2initiatesA2aA2responseA2thatA2
reversesA2orA2reducesA2theA2stimulus,A2therebyA2stoppingA2theA2responseA2untilA2theA2sti
mulusA2occursA2again,A2increasedA2bloodA2levelA2ofA2hormoneA2inhibitsA2itsA2furtherA2rele
ase

PositiveA2feedbackA2-A2Ans--
mechanismA2ofA2homeostasisA2feedbackA2thatA2tendsA2toA2stimulateA2aA2processA2orA2incr
easeA2itsA2outputA2ex:A2oxytocinA2andA2uterine,A2contractionsA2ofA2childA2birth

InteractionsA2betweenA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--Antagonistic,A2synergistic,A2permissive

AntagonisticA2-A2Ans--
theA2effectA2ofA2oneA2hormoneA2opposesA2theA2effectA2ofA2theA2otherA2hormone

SynergisticA2-A2Ans--
theA2responseA2ofA2aA2tissueA2toA2aA2combinationA2ofA2hormonesA2isA2isA2muchA2greaterA2t
hanA2itsA2responseA2toA2eitherA2individualA2hormone