MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING CONCEPTS
AND PRACTICE EXAMINATION TEST 2026
◉ what is childhood glaucoma? Answer: a rare type that occurs in
very young children, caused by an abnormality of the eye
◉ Risk factor for glaucoma ? Answer: Age - glaucoma becomes more
likely as you get older and the most common type affects around 1 in
10 people over 75
Ethnicity - people of African, Caribbean or Asian origin are at a
higher risk of glaucoma
Family history - you're more likely to develop glaucoma if you have a
parent or sibling with the condition
High Myopia
◉ prostoglandins are most useful in which type of glaucoma
Answer: Effective at reducing intraocular pressure in pts with open-
angle glaucoma
◉ what are Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and how do they treat
glaucoma? Answer: reduce eye pressure by decreasing the
production of intraocular fluid.
,The pill form (Acetazolamide)is an alternative for people whose
glaucoma is not controlled by medication eye drops.
◉ Medical managemnet of glaucoma? Answer: -Prostaglandin
analogues, such as latanoprost, bimatoprost, tafluprost and
travoprost.
-Beta-blockers, such as betaxolol hydrochloride, levobunolol
hydrochloride and timolol
-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as brinzolamide and
dorzolamide
-Sympathomimetics, such as brimonidine tartrate
Miotics, such as pilocarpine
◉ What are sympathomimetics and how do they treat glaucoma?
Answer: Alphagan P has a purite preservative that breaks down into
natural tear components and may be more effective for people who
have allergic reactions to preservatives in other eye drops. Alphagan
is available in a generic form.
◉ Use and side effect of beta blockers and how do they treat
glaucoma Answer: Relatively inexpensive. Systemic side effects can
be minimized by closing the eyes following application or using a
technique called punctal occlusion that prevents the drug from
entering the tear drainage duct and systemic circulation
,◉ wht are Carbonic anhydrase inhibitorsand how do they treat
glaucoma Answer: (CAIs) reduce eye pressure by decreasing the
production of intraocular fluid.
◉ whata re miotics and how do they treat glaucoma? Answer: They
cause pin point pupils and this flattens the iris, opening the irido-
corneal angle.
These medications reduce eye pressure by increasing the drainage
of intraocular fluid through the trabecular meshwork.
◉ what is laser iridectomy? Answer: preventative measure before
disease set in, creating a new passage for aqeus humor draining
(using laser)
◉ Risk factors for Age-related macular degeneration? Answer:
Family history of macular degeneration
Smoking (past or present)
Low macular pigment
Having light skin or light eyes
Exposure to the sun
Poor diet
Being overweight
, Being a woman, as they normally develop AMD at an earlier age than
men
◉ Symtoms of retinal detachment? Answer: Photopsia (common
initially)
Visual field defect (developing over time; may help localize
detachment)
Floaters & flashes
Reduced VA
distortion
curtain field effect
◉ what is macular degeneration?
how does this impact daily life? Answer: when cnetral vision is
disrupted, directly what is infront of you. (peripheral vision is kept!)
vision becomes increasingly blurred, which means:
Reading becomes difficult
Colours appear less vibrant
Facial Recognition becomes difficult
AND PRACTICE EXAMINATION TEST 2026
◉ what is childhood glaucoma? Answer: a rare type that occurs in
very young children, caused by an abnormality of the eye
◉ Risk factor for glaucoma ? Answer: Age - glaucoma becomes more
likely as you get older and the most common type affects around 1 in
10 people over 75
Ethnicity - people of African, Caribbean or Asian origin are at a
higher risk of glaucoma
Family history - you're more likely to develop glaucoma if you have a
parent or sibling with the condition
High Myopia
◉ prostoglandins are most useful in which type of glaucoma
Answer: Effective at reducing intraocular pressure in pts with open-
angle glaucoma
◉ what are Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and how do they treat
glaucoma? Answer: reduce eye pressure by decreasing the
production of intraocular fluid.
,The pill form (Acetazolamide)is an alternative for people whose
glaucoma is not controlled by medication eye drops.
◉ Medical managemnet of glaucoma? Answer: -Prostaglandin
analogues, such as latanoprost, bimatoprost, tafluprost and
travoprost.
-Beta-blockers, such as betaxolol hydrochloride, levobunolol
hydrochloride and timolol
-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as brinzolamide and
dorzolamide
-Sympathomimetics, such as brimonidine tartrate
Miotics, such as pilocarpine
◉ What are sympathomimetics and how do they treat glaucoma?
Answer: Alphagan P has a purite preservative that breaks down into
natural tear components and may be more effective for people who
have allergic reactions to preservatives in other eye drops. Alphagan
is available in a generic form.
◉ Use and side effect of beta blockers and how do they treat
glaucoma Answer: Relatively inexpensive. Systemic side effects can
be minimized by closing the eyes following application or using a
technique called punctal occlusion that prevents the drug from
entering the tear drainage duct and systemic circulation
,◉ wht are Carbonic anhydrase inhibitorsand how do they treat
glaucoma Answer: (CAIs) reduce eye pressure by decreasing the
production of intraocular fluid.
◉ whata re miotics and how do they treat glaucoma? Answer: They
cause pin point pupils and this flattens the iris, opening the irido-
corneal angle.
These medications reduce eye pressure by increasing the drainage
of intraocular fluid through the trabecular meshwork.
◉ what is laser iridectomy? Answer: preventative measure before
disease set in, creating a new passage for aqeus humor draining
(using laser)
◉ Risk factors for Age-related macular degeneration? Answer:
Family history of macular degeneration
Smoking (past or present)
Low macular pigment
Having light skin or light eyes
Exposure to the sun
Poor diet
Being overweight
, Being a woman, as they normally develop AMD at an earlier age than
men
◉ Symtoms of retinal detachment? Answer: Photopsia (common
initially)
Visual field defect (developing over time; may help localize
detachment)
Floaters & flashes
Reduced VA
distortion
curtain field effect
◉ what is macular degeneration?
how does this impact daily life? Answer: when cnetral vision is
disrupted, directly what is infront of you. (peripheral vision is kept!)
vision becomes increasingly blurred, which means:
Reading becomes difficult
Colours appear less vibrant
Facial Recognition becomes difficult
