MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING CONCEPTS
AND PRACTICE EXAM SCRIPT 2026
◉ what is myopia? Answer: near/short sightedness, close is clear, far
is blurry
-usual starts in puberty and gets worse untill eye is fully grown. also
in very young children.
◉ conditions associated with myopia? Answer: squint- childhood
eyes point in diff. directions.
lazy eyechildhood, one eye. doesnt develop properly
glaucoma - IOC pressure.
cataracts - develpoment of cloudy atches inside lense.
Retinal detachment - wherby retina pulls awat from the blood vessel
that nourish it
◉ What is astigmatism? Answer: Failure to converge image at one
point on the fovea (likea refraction rather than focusing)
◉ Causes of astigmatism? Answer: -Hereditary - corneal or
lenticular
-Injuries to the cornea, such as infection that scars the cornea
,keratoconus & kertoglobus - causes bulgin, thinner and shape
change.
Some conditions of the eyelid
others that affect cornea or lense
◉ What is presbyopia? Answer: gradual loss of your eyes' ability to
focus on nearby objects. It's a natural part of aging 40-65yrs
◉ Aetiology of bacterial conjunctivitis? Answer: S.Aureus, Sterp.
Pneumo or H.flu
also STIs chlamydia trachromatis, N.gonnorheae
◉ what is opthalmia neonatorum? Answer: chlamydia or
gonorrheae infection from infected birth canal affecting 20-40%
◉ What is Episcleritis ? Answer: Inflamationof localiased superficial
episclera vascular network, most commonly diffuse (moderate to
sever inflam @1-3 month intervals)
-Nodular/focal episcleritis (can often present with associated
systemic disease)
◉ What are the classification of Allergic conjunctivitis? Answer: type
1 hypersensitivity - seasonal (SAC)
perrenial - chronic (PAC)
,Atopic - relates to eczema and athsma
gaint pappilary (GPC)
Limbal and tarsal kertaoconjuctivitis (VKC)
◉ What is gaint pappilary Allergica conjunctivitis Answer: inner
lining of the eyelid swells and develops small bumps. Known as
papillae, these bumps tend to form after chronic irritation
◉ what can cause a corneal abbration? Answer: Direct trauma
Foreign body between eyelid and conjunctiva
Heat by contact
UV radiation (Arc Eye)
◉ What can cause corneal ulcer? Answer: can be secondary to
abrasive trauma, pentrating injuries or prolonged use of contact
lenses
◉ What are dendritic ulcers? Answer: Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
keratitis is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness.
- aggressive treatment -
◉ Symptoms of Dendritic ulcers? Answer: Pain
Photophobia
, Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
- with fluorescein staining and has a delicate branching pattern,
◉ Appearance of dendritic ulcer on opthalmoscopy? Answer: -
infectious epithelial keratitis (with characteristic dendritic ulcers)
-neurotrophic keratopathy
-stromal keratitis endotheliitis (classified as disciform, diffuse, or
linear)
◉ what are the symptoms of keratic precipitates and anterior uveitis
Answer: Pain, generally developing over a few hours or days except
in cases of trauma:
Redness
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Increased lacrimation
Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and
mild redness.
pain & photophobia normaly only during acute episode.
AND PRACTICE EXAM SCRIPT 2026
◉ what is myopia? Answer: near/short sightedness, close is clear, far
is blurry
-usual starts in puberty and gets worse untill eye is fully grown. also
in very young children.
◉ conditions associated with myopia? Answer: squint- childhood
eyes point in diff. directions.
lazy eyechildhood, one eye. doesnt develop properly
glaucoma - IOC pressure.
cataracts - develpoment of cloudy atches inside lense.
Retinal detachment - wherby retina pulls awat from the blood vessel
that nourish it
◉ What is astigmatism? Answer: Failure to converge image at one
point on the fovea (likea refraction rather than focusing)
◉ Causes of astigmatism? Answer: -Hereditary - corneal or
lenticular
-Injuries to the cornea, such as infection that scars the cornea
,keratoconus & kertoglobus - causes bulgin, thinner and shape
change.
Some conditions of the eyelid
others that affect cornea or lense
◉ What is presbyopia? Answer: gradual loss of your eyes' ability to
focus on nearby objects. It's a natural part of aging 40-65yrs
◉ Aetiology of bacterial conjunctivitis? Answer: S.Aureus, Sterp.
Pneumo or H.flu
also STIs chlamydia trachromatis, N.gonnorheae
◉ what is opthalmia neonatorum? Answer: chlamydia or
gonorrheae infection from infected birth canal affecting 20-40%
◉ What is Episcleritis ? Answer: Inflamationof localiased superficial
episclera vascular network, most commonly diffuse (moderate to
sever inflam @1-3 month intervals)
-Nodular/focal episcleritis (can often present with associated
systemic disease)
◉ What are the classification of Allergic conjunctivitis? Answer: type
1 hypersensitivity - seasonal (SAC)
perrenial - chronic (PAC)
,Atopic - relates to eczema and athsma
gaint pappilary (GPC)
Limbal and tarsal kertaoconjuctivitis (VKC)
◉ What is gaint pappilary Allergica conjunctivitis Answer: inner
lining of the eyelid swells and develops small bumps. Known as
papillae, these bumps tend to form after chronic irritation
◉ what can cause a corneal abbration? Answer: Direct trauma
Foreign body between eyelid and conjunctiva
Heat by contact
UV radiation (Arc Eye)
◉ What can cause corneal ulcer? Answer: can be secondary to
abrasive trauma, pentrating injuries or prolonged use of contact
lenses
◉ What are dendritic ulcers? Answer: Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
keratitis is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness.
- aggressive treatment -
◉ Symptoms of Dendritic ulcers? Answer: Pain
Photophobia
, Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
- with fluorescein staining and has a delicate branching pattern,
◉ Appearance of dendritic ulcer on opthalmoscopy? Answer: -
infectious epithelial keratitis (with characteristic dendritic ulcers)
-neurotrophic keratopathy
-stromal keratitis endotheliitis (classified as disciform, diffuse, or
linear)
◉ what are the symptoms of keratic precipitates and anterior uveitis
Answer: Pain, generally developing over a few hours or days except
in cases of trauma:
Redness
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Increased lacrimation
Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and
mild redness.
pain & photophobia normaly only during acute episode.
