Pathophysiology Exam 2
what can occur when the resp system isnt working properly? (2)
hypoxemia
hypercapnia
low O2 levels in the blood -- leads to cellular hypoxia
elevated levels of CO2 in the blood
hypoxemia
hypercapnia
T/F with hypercapnia, excess carbonic acid = alkalosis
false - acidosis
hypercapnia only becomes a major concern with diseases that impair what?
ventilation
what are the cardiovascular effects of hypercapnia/resp acidosis (2)
hypotension
agitated nodal cells
,what are the CNS effects of hypercapnia / resp acidosis (2)
what can happen as a result of these effects?
vasodilation and edema
increased intracranial pressure/coma
the following are diseases that disrupt what?
extrapulmonary causes
pneumothorax
pleural effusions
restrictive lung diseases (surfactant deficiency, pulm fibrosis)
obstructive lung disease (asthma, copd)
ventilation
reduces surface tension in the alveoli to allow for expansion and prevent collapse
surfactant
lung compliance requires what 2 things?
elastin fibers
surfactant
exhalation occurs when _____ pressure > _____ presure
, intrapulmonary > atmospheric
amount of air flowing into the alveoli, contributing to gas exchange, and flowing out of the
body
RR x (TV - dead space) =
alveolar ventilation rate
areas where inhalation cannot participate in gas exchange
dead space
in normal circumstances, the only dead space is in the conductive pathways of our ______
pulmonary tree
what are 2 anatomic causes that can disrupt ventilation?
chest wall disorders (kyphoscoliosis, rib fracture)
obesity (supine hypoventilation)
what are 2 examples of decreased respiratory drive that can disrupt ventilation?
(brain doesn't tell muscles to inhale)
opiates
CNS trauma
what can occur when the resp system isnt working properly? (2)
hypoxemia
hypercapnia
low O2 levels in the blood -- leads to cellular hypoxia
elevated levels of CO2 in the blood
hypoxemia
hypercapnia
T/F with hypercapnia, excess carbonic acid = alkalosis
false - acidosis
hypercapnia only becomes a major concern with diseases that impair what?
ventilation
what are the cardiovascular effects of hypercapnia/resp acidosis (2)
hypotension
agitated nodal cells
,what are the CNS effects of hypercapnia / resp acidosis (2)
what can happen as a result of these effects?
vasodilation and edema
increased intracranial pressure/coma
the following are diseases that disrupt what?
extrapulmonary causes
pneumothorax
pleural effusions
restrictive lung diseases (surfactant deficiency, pulm fibrosis)
obstructive lung disease (asthma, copd)
ventilation
reduces surface tension in the alveoli to allow for expansion and prevent collapse
surfactant
lung compliance requires what 2 things?
elastin fibers
surfactant
exhalation occurs when _____ pressure > _____ presure
, intrapulmonary > atmospheric
amount of air flowing into the alveoli, contributing to gas exchange, and flowing out of the
body
RR x (TV - dead space) =
alveolar ventilation rate
areas where inhalation cannot participate in gas exchange
dead space
in normal circumstances, the only dead space is in the conductive pathways of our ______
pulmonary tree
what are 2 anatomic causes that can disrupt ventilation?
chest wall disorders (kyphoscoliosis, rib fracture)
obesity (supine hypoventilation)
what are 2 examples of decreased respiratory drive that can disrupt ventilation?
(brain doesn't tell muscles to inhale)
opiates
CNS trauma
