Format
11 fill in the blank
6 multiple choice
5 matching
Free response + case study
Vitamin A
Know the 4 forms of vitamin A and functions and which form is acquired through the diet
- Vision - rhetinol
o Rhodopsin function
- Gene expression (Rhetenoic acid - vitamin type)
immunity
Calcium
Know the difference between interacellular and extracellular calcium
- PTH hormone (increases), calcitriol (increases Ca), calcitonin (decreases) – hormones
important for extracellular cellular
- Intercellular – Ca enters through transmembrane diffusion and voltage-dependent or
agonist-dependent channel
- Low Ca concentration is maintained ATP-dependent Ca pumps
- Storage os om ,itochondria, ER, nucleus and vesicles
Phosphorus
Know bioavailability and relation to calcium
- Magnesium, aluminum and calcium impairs its absorption by forming insoluble
complexes
- Overall, relatively poor -less than 50%
Regulation – same hormones as calcium but PTH will decrease levels of phosphorus
Vitamin D
Know outside source of vitamin D -sunlight
- Skin color, latitude
Know activation of Vitamin D – first activation hydroxylation in the liver
2nd activation step happens in the kidney and forms calcitriol
Low levels = higher efficiency
3rd activation form is inhibited by calcitriol
Vitamin K
Know two protien related to bone mineralization
- Carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues to generate y-carboxylglutamate
Blood clotting function – necessary proteins
Know interaction with other nutrients
- Interaction with Vitamin A and E – interferes with vitamin K absorption
, - Incorporated VLDLs for secretion into the blood
Iodine
Know function of thyroid gland – iodine is converted by thyroid peroxidase
Know activation and deactivation of thyroid hormones
Know interaction with other nutrients – iron ,selenium and vitamin A
Others
- Sources, digestion, absorption – those who are more less subsceptible to the
deficiencies or toxicities
Calcium
Sources
Dietary
o Milk and dairy products
o Salmon, clams, oysters and sardines
o Turnips, green, cruciferous vegetables
Digestion
Absorption
Absorbed in its ionized form (Ca2+)
Passive diffusion between cells
Mediated transport, Vitamin D-dependent
o Stimulated by ingestion of low-calcium diets
Regulation and Homeostasis
11 fill in the blank
6 multiple choice
5 matching
Free response + case study
Vitamin A
Know the 4 forms of vitamin A and functions and which form is acquired through the diet
- Vision - rhetinol
o Rhodopsin function
- Gene expression (Rhetenoic acid - vitamin type)
immunity
Calcium
Know the difference between interacellular and extracellular calcium
- PTH hormone (increases), calcitriol (increases Ca), calcitonin (decreases) – hormones
important for extracellular cellular
- Intercellular – Ca enters through transmembrane diffusion and voltage-dependent or
agonist-dependent channel
- Low Ca concentration is maintained ATP-dependent Ca pumps
- Storage os om ,itochondria, ER, nucleus and vesicles
Phosphorus
Know bioavailability and relation to calcium
- Magnesium, aluminum and calcium impairs its absorption by forming insoluble
complexes
- Overall, relatively poor -less than 50%
Regulation – same hormones as calcium but PTH will decrease levels of phosphorus
Vitamin D
Know outside source of vitamin D -sunlight
- Skin color, latitude
Know activation of Vitamin D – first activation hydroxylation in the liver
2nd activation step happens in the kidney and forms calcitriol
Low levels = higher efficiency
3rd activation form is inhibited by calcitriol
Vitamin K
Know two protien related to bone mineralization
- Carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues to generate y-carboxylglutamate
Blood clotting function – necessary proteins
Know interaction with other nutrients
- Interaction with Vitamin A and E – interferes with vitamin K absorption
, - Incorporated VLDLs for secretion into the blood
Iodine
Know function of thyroid gland – iodine is converted by thyroid peroxidase
Know activation and deactivation of thyroid hormones
Know interaction with other nutrients – iron ,selenium and vitamin A
Others
- Sources, digestion, absorption – those who are more less subsceptible to the
deficiencies or toxicities
Calcium
Sources
Dietary
o Milk and dairy products
o Salmon, clams, oysters and sardines
o Turnips, green, cruciferous vegetables
Digestion
Absorption
Absorbed in its ionized form (Ca2+)
Passive diffusion between cells
Mediated transport, Vitamin D-dependent
o Stimulated by ingestion of low-calcium diets
Regulation and Homeostasis
