,Williams’ 11th
EDITION
Essentials
of Nutrition
and Diet Therapy
Eleanor D. Schlenker, PhD, RD
Professor and Extension Specialist
Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
Joyce Gilbert, PhD, RD
Professor and Executive Director
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
College of Health and Human Development
California State University, Northridge
Northridge, California
, CONTENTS
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO Health Promotion, 59
Functional Foods: Special Carbohydrate
HUMAN NUTRITION
Foods, 59
Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism
1 Nutrition and Health, 2 Review, 61
Eleanor D. Schlenker
New Challenges for Health Professionals, 2 4 Lipids, 65
The Science of Nutrition, 6 Eleanor D. Schlenker
Nutrition Policy and National Health Lipids in Nutrition and Health, 65
Problems, 11 Physical and Chemical Nature of Lipids, 66
Health Promotion, 11 Fatty Acids and Triglycerides, 66
Nutrition Guides for Food Selection, 12 Food Lipids and Health, 69
A Safe and Healthy Food Supply, 20 Lipid-Related Compounds, 73
Personal Perceptions of Food, 20 Health Promotion, 75
Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism
2 Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism, 26 Review, 76
Eleanor D. Schlenker
HUMAN BODY: THE ROLE OF 5 Proteins, 81
NUTRITION, 26 Eleanor D. Schlenker
Food: Change and Transformation, 26 Physical and Chemical Nature of
Importance for Health and Nutrition, 26 Proteins, 81
The Gastrointestinal Tract, 27 The Building of Proteins, 82
Principles of Digestion, 28 Functions of Protein, 84
Protein and Nitrogen Balance, 85
MOVEMENT OF FOOD THROUGH THE Protein Quality, 87
DIGESTIVE TRACT, 29 Protein Requirements, 88
Mouth and Esophagus: Preparation and Protein Intake, 91
Delivery, 30 Health Promotion, 92
Stomach: Storage and Initial Digestion, 32 Vegetarian Diets, 92
Small Intestine: Major Digestion, Absorption, Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism
and Transport, 34 Review, 96
Colon (Large Intestine): Final Absorption and
Waste Elimination, 37 6 Vitamins, 101
Gastrointestinal Function and Clinical Eleanor D. Schlenker
Applications, 39 Vitamins: Essential Nutrients, 101
Health Promotion, 42
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, 102
Metabolism, 43
Vitamin A, 102
3 Carbohydrates, 47 Vitamin D, 107
Eleanor D. Schlenker Health Promotion, 111
The Nature of Carbohydrate, 47 Vitamin E, 111
Classification of Carbohydrates, 48 Vitamin K, 113
Importance of Carbohydrates, 52 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, 115
Functions of Carbohydrates, 53 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), 115
Recommended Intake of Carbohydrate, 53
Carbohydrates and Oral Health, 54 THE B VITAMINS, 119
Imbalances in Carbohydrate Intake, 55 Deficiency Diseases and Vitamin
Fiber: The Nondigestible Carbohydrate, 57 Discoveries, 119
xv
, xvi CONTENTS
Coenzyme Role, 119 Body Composition: Fatness and
Thiamin, 119 Leanness, 182
Riboflavin, 120 Health Promotion, 186
Niacin, 122 Fatness, Thinness, and Health, 188
Pantothenic Acid, 124
Biotin, 125
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), 125
Folate, 126 PART 2 COMMUNITY NUTRITION
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), 129 AND THE LIFE CYCLE
7 Minerals and Water, 137 9 Food Selection and Food Safety, 197
Eleanor D. Schlenker Eleanor D. Schlenker
Minerals in Human Nutrition, 137 Personal Food Selection, 197
The Food Environment, 199
MAJOR MINERALS, 139 Expanding the Food Supply: Biotechnology and
Calcium, 139 the Consumer, 201
Phosphorus, 143 Protecting the Food Supply: Regulation and
Sodium, 146 Information, 202
Health Promotion, 147 The Problem of Misinformation: Food and
Potassium, 148 Health, 209
Magnesium, 150 Food Safety and Food Processing, 210
Chloride, 151
Sulfur, 151 10 Community Nutrition: Promoting Healthy
ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS, 152 Eating, 223
Trace Elements: The Concept of Eleanor D. Schlenker
Essentiality, 152 Nutrition and Public Health, 223
Iron, 152 The Ecology of Malnutrition, 225
Iodine, 158 Community-Based Interventions, 226
Zinc, 161 Family Economic Needs: Food Assistance
Copper, 162 Programs, 231
Manganese, 162 Selecting Food in the Marketplace, 234
Chromium, 162 Health Promotion, 238
Selenium, 163
Molybdenum, 163 11 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation, 247
Fluoride, 163 Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson
Other Trace Elements, 163 Maternal Nutrition and the Outcome of
Pregnancy, 247
WATER AND ELECTROLYTES, 163 Health Promotion, 249
Body Water, 166 Nutritional Demands of Pregnancy, 250
Water Requirements, 167 Weight Gain During Pregnancy, 256
Forces Controlling Water Distribution, 167 General Dietary Problems, 258
Influence of Electrolytes on Water High-Risk Pregnancies, 259
Balance, 169 Complications of Pregnancy, 261
Influence of Plasma Proteins on Water Nutrition During Lactation, 264
Balance, 169
Influence of Hormones on Water 12 Nutrition for Normal Growth and
Balance, 169 Development, 274
Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson
8 Energy Balance, 174 Human Growth and Development, 274
Eleanor D. Schlenker Nutritional Requirements for Growth, 276
The Human Energy System, 174 Stages of Growth and Development: Age-Group
Total Energy Requirement, 177 Needs, 277
EDITION
Essentials
of Nutrition
and Diet Therapy
Eleanor D. Schlenker, PhD, RD
Professor and Extension Specialist
Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
Joyce Gilbert, PhD, RD
Professor and Executive Director
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
College of Health and Human Development
California State University, Northridge
Northridge, California
, CONTENTS
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO Health Promotion, 59
Functional Foods: Special Carbohydrate
HUMAN NUTRITION
Foods, 59
Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism
1 Nutrition and Health, 2 Review, 61
Eleanor D. Schlenker
New Challenges for Health Professionals, 2 4 Lipids, 65
The Science of Nutrition, 6 Eleanor D. Schlenker
Nutrition Policy and National Health Lipids in Nutrition and Health, 65
Problems, 11 Physical and Chemical Nature of Lipids, 66
Health Promotion, 11 Fatty Acids and Triglycerides, 66
Nutrition Guides for Food Selection, 12 Food Lipids and Health, 69
A Safe and Healthy Food Supply, 20 Lipid-Related Compounds, 73
Personal Perceptions of Food, 20 Health Promotion, 75
Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism
2 Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism, 26 Review, 76
Eleanor D. Schlenker
HUMAN BODY: THE ROLE OF 5 Proteins, 81
NUTRITION, 26 Eleanor D. Schlenker
Food: Change and Transformation, 26 Physical and Chemical Nature of
Importance for Health and Nutrition, 26 Proteins, 81
The Gastrointestinal Tract, 27 The Building of Proteins, 82
Principles of Digestion, 28 Functions of Protein, 84
Protein and Nitrogen Balance, 85
MOVEMENT OF FOOD THROUGH THE Protein Quality, 87
DIGESTIVE TRACT, 29 Protein Requirements, 88
Mouth and Esophagus: Preparation and Protein Intake, 91
Delivery, 30 Health Promotion, 92
Stomach: Storage and Initial Digestion, 32 Vegetarian Diets, 92
Small Intestine: Major Digestion, Absorption, Digestion-Absorption-Metabolism
and Transport, 34 Review, 96
Colon (Large Intestine): Final Absorption and
Waste Elimination, 37 6 Vitamins, 101
Gastrointestinal Function and Clinical Eleanor D. Schlenker
Applications, 39 Vitamins: Essential Nutrients, 101
Health Promotion, 42
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, 102
Metabolism, 43
Vitamin A, 102
3 Carbohydrates, 47 Vitamin D, 107
Eleanor D. Schlenker Health Promotion, 111
The Nature of Carbohydrate, 47 Vitamin E, 111
Classification of Carbohydrates, 48 Vitamin K, 113
Importance of Carbohydrates, 52 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, 115
Functions of Carbohydrates, 53 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), 115
Recommended Intake of Carbohydrate, 53
Carbohydrates and Oral Health, 54 THE B VITAMINS, 119
Imbalances in Carbohydrate Intake, 55 Deficiency Diseases and Vitamin
Fiber: The Nondigestible Carbohydrate, 57 Discoveries, 119
xv
, xvi CONTENTS
Coenzyme Role, 119 Body Composition: Fatness and
Thiamin, 119 Leanness, 182
Riboflavin, 120 Health Promotion, 186
Niacin, 122 Fatness, Thinness, and Health, 188
Pantothenic Acid, 124
Biotin, 125
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), 125
Folate, 126 PART 2 COMMUNITY NUTRITION
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), 129 AND THE LIFE CYCLE
7 Minerals and Water, 137 9 Food Selection and Food Safety, 197
Eleanor D. Schlenker Eleanor D. Schlenker
Minerals in Human Nutrition, 137 Personal Food Selection, 197
The Food Environment, 199
MAJOR MINERALS, 139 Expanding the Food Supply: Biotechnology and
Calcium, 139 the Consumer, 201
Phosphorus, 143 Protecting the Food Supply: Regulation and
Sodium, 146 Information, 202
Health Promotion, 147 The Problem of Misinformation: Food and
Potassium, 148 Health, 209
Magnesium, 150 Food Safety and Food Processing, 210
Chloride, 151
Sulfur, 151 10 Community Nutrition: Promoting Healthy
ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS, 152 Eating, 223
Trace Elements: The Concept of Eleanor D. Schlenker
Essentiality, 152 Nutrition and Public Health, 223
Iron, 152 The Ecology of Malnutrition, 225
Iodine, 158 Community-Based Interventions, 226
Zinc, 161 Family Economic Needs: Food Assistance
Copper, 162 Programs, 231
Manganese, 162 Selecting Food in the Marketplace, 234
Chromium, 162 Health Promotion, 238
Selenium, 163
Molybdenum, 163 11 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation, 247
Fluoride, 163 Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson
Other Trace Elements, 163 Maternal Nutrition and the Outcome of
Pregnancy, 247
WATER AND ELECTROLYTES, 163 Health Promotion, 249
Body Water, 166 Nutritional Demands of Pregnancy, 250
Water Requirements, 167 Weight Gain During Pregnancy, 256
Forces Controlling Water Distribution, 167 General Dietary Problems, 258
Influence of Electrolytes on Water High-Risk Pregnancies, 259
Balance, 169 Complications of Pregnancy, 261
Influence of Plasma Proteins on Water Nutrition During Lactation, 264
Balance, 169
Influence of Hormones on Water 12 Nutrition for Normal Growth and
Balance, 169 Development, 274
Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson
8 Energy Balance, 174 Human Growth and Development, 274
Eleanor D. Schlenker Nutritional Requirements for Growth, 276
The Human Energy System, 174 Stages of Growth and Development: Age-Group
Total Energy Requirement, 177 Needs, 277
