COM 275 MSU- Exam 1 || with Complete Solutions.
Mass Communication correct answers A single source (usually a complex entity such as a
television network) reaching thousands or millions of people with the same institutionalized
message. The audience members are often heterogeneous, or demographically diverse, and
typically are unknown to the message source.
Model correct answers A pictorial means of explicating, or facilitating the understanding of,
an abstract process such as communication.
Benefits of models correct answers Organize, explain, and predict.
Two categories of models correct answers Those that describe various communication
processes and those that explicate some kind of media effects.
Linear models correct answers Based on the principles of stimulus-response psychology, in
which a receiver is affected (response) by a message (stimulus) that emanates from a
communication source. These models depict the communication process as a series of
progressive, linear steps in the transmission of ideas from one person to another.
Shannon-Weaver model correct answers Describes the process of telecommunication.
Depicts a message emanating from an information source, which becomes a signal after
passing through a transmitter. Depending upon the amount of noise or interference present,
the signal passes through to a receiver, where it is decoded as a message.
Weasley-MacLean model correct answers Differs from the Shannon-Weaver model in that
they include mechanisms for feedback, or return flow of information from a receiver to the
original source, and gatekeeping, a mechanism (usually a person) that has the power to
control information and even prevent it from reaching a destination. Gatekeeping addresses
the role of editors who control and select the messages that are conveyed.
Interactive models correct answers A model in which messages are formulated, exchanged,
and interpreted.
Schramm interactive model correct answers Emphasizes the sharing of information between
communicators, who give and receive information interactively. Developed by
communication theorist Wilbur __________ (1954), the circular model describes
communication as interactive and interpretive, with communicators almost simultaneously
sending and receiving messages. Switch between the role of the encoder and decoder.
Transactional models correct answers The giving and receiving of something—in this case,
information—in order to create meaning.
OTA transactional model correct answers A model that separates communication into three
distinct processes—message formulation, message interpretation, and message exchange—
and emphasizes the interdependencies of the processes.
Individual effects of communication correct answers Illustrate direct effects on individuals
from mass mediated communication.
, Thorson cognitive processing model correct answers (pg. 11 of text) Concentrates on the
steps taken in the processing of television commercials. It takes into consideration the
individual viewer's personal interest in and attention to the commercial message, the person's
memory, and even language capacity, in determining the potential effects of the messages.
Social effects of communication correct answers Media effects at the societal level.
Media system dependency model correct answers Pg. 13 (Ball- Rokeach and
Defleaur)Assumes that individuals in modern society become increasingly dependent upon
mass media as a source of news and information. The level of the dependency relationship
and the strength of the media effects hinge on the stability or instability of the society and the
degree of societal importance placed upon mass media as an information source.
Triangulation correct answers Use of multiple types of research methods to address questions
of media effects.
Laboratory experiments correct answers Involves having people watch or listen to or read a
certain type of media fare (violent, sexually explicit, frightening, etc.) while other people
watch, read, or listen to innocuous content, then comparing any measurable changes
exhibited by individuals from the two groups.
Pros-
o Best method for establishing causality
o Researcher control
o Low cost
o Easy to replicate
Cons-
o Artificial setting may affect a participant's behavior
o Experimental bias
Survey Research correct answers Uses written questionnaires, telephone interviews, face-to-
face interviews, or Web surveys to gauge (1) the type and extent of media exposure of an
individual (e.g., number of hours the person watches violent television programs per week),
and (2) the respondent's self-reported attitudes and tendencies toward antisocial or prosocial
behaviors.
Assess the measurable characteristics of a population, describes characteristics of that
population, established associations between variables.
Pros-
o Generalizability
o Good for description
Cons-
o Does not show causality
o Poor data quality- self-report
Longitudinal Research correct answers Research observing outcomes at more than one point
in time.
Cohort study
-Different samples
Mass Communication correct answers A single source (usually a complex entity such as a
television network) reaching thousands or millions of people with the same institutionalized
message. The audience members are often heterogeneous, or demographically diverse, and
typically are unknown to the message source.
Model correct answers A pictorial means of explicating, or facilitating the understanding of,
an abstract process such as communication.
Benefits of models correct answers Organize, explain, and predict.
Two categories of models correct answers Those that describe various communication
processes and those that explicate some kind of media effects.
Linear models correct answers Based on the principles of stimulus-response psychology, in
which a receiver is affected (response) by a message (stimulus) that emanates from a
communication source. These models depict the communication process as a series of
progressive, linear steps in the transmission of ideas from one person to another.
Shannon-Weaver model correct answers Describes the process of telecommunication.
Depicts a message emanating from an information source, which becomes a signal after
passing through a transmitter. Depending upon the amount of noise or interference present,
the signal passes through to a receiver, where it is decoded as a message.
Weasley-MacLean model correct answers Differs from the Shannon-Weaver model in that
they include mechanisms for feedback, or return flow of information from a receiver to the
original source, and gatekeeping, a mechanism (usually a person) that has the power to
control information and even prevent it from reaching a destination. Gatekeeping addresses
the role of editors who control and select the messages that are conveyed.
Interactive models correct answers A model in which messages are formulated, exchanged,
and interpreted.
Schramm interactive model correct answers Emphasizes the sharing of information between
communicators, who give and receive information interactively. Developed by
communication theorist Wilbur __________ (1954), the circular model describes
communication as interactive and interpretive, with communicators almost simultaneously
sending and receiving messages. Switch between the role of the encoder and decoder.
Transactional models correct answers The giving and receiving of something—in this case,
information—in order to create meaning.
OTA transactional model correct answers A model that separates communication into three
distinct processes—message formulation, message interpretation, and message exchange—
and emphasizes the interdependencies of the processes.
Individual effects of communication correct answers Illustrate direct effects on individuals
from mass mediated communication.
, Thorson cognitive processing model correct answers (pg. 11 of text) Concentrates on the
steps taken in the processing of television commercials. It takes into consideration the
individual viewer's personal interest in and attention to the commercial message, the person's
memory, and even language capacity, in determining the potential effects of the messages.
Social effects of communication correct answers Media effects at the societal level.
Media system dependency model correct answers Pg. 13 (Ball- Rokeach and
Defleaur)Assumes that individuals in modern society become increasingly dependent upon
mass media as a source of news and information. The level of the dependency relationship
and the strength of the media effects hinge on the stability or instability of the society and the
degree of societal importance placed upon mass media as an information source.
Triangulation correct answers Use of multiple types of research methods to address questions
of media effects.
Laboratory experiments correct answers Involves having people watch or listen to or read a
certain type of media fare (violent, sexually explicit, frightening, etc.) while other people
watch, read, or listen to innocuous content, then comparing any measurable changes
exhibited by individuals from the two groups.
Pros-
o Best method for establishing causality
o Researcher control
o Low cost
o Easy to replicate
Cons-
o Artificial setting may affect a participant's behavior
o Experimental bias
Survey Research correct answers Uses written questionnaires, telephone interviews, face-to-
face interviews, or Web surveys to gauge (1) the type and extent of media exposure of an
individual (e.g., number of hours the person watches violent television programs per week),
and (2) the respondent's self-reported attitudes and tendencies toward antisocial or prosocial
behaviors.
Assess the measurable characteristics of a population, describes characteristics of that
population, established associations between variables.
Pros-
o Generalizability
o Good for description
Cons-
o Does not show causality
o Poor data quality- self-report
Longitudinal Research correct answers Research observing outcomes at more than one point
in time.
Cohort study
-Different samples
